[1]
The Panda Hat of Doom
Case Study: Education
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Hunsucker, Andrew J.
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Gobbo, Daniela
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Stallings, Michael
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Siegel, Martin A.
Extended Abstracts of the ACM CHI'16 Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems
2016-05-07
v.2
p.647-654
© Copyright 2016 ACM
Summary: Upon finishing an internship or degree in design, novice designers face a
challenging professional world. Design schools often prepare novices for the
types of projects they will face, but preparing them for the professional
realities they will face is often left to the company that hires them. One way
we can prepare designers for the challenges they will face as professionals is
by simulating professional presentations that go wrong. In this case study, we
will examine one particular pedagogical tool designed for this purpose: The
Panda Hat of Doom.
[2]
Rhetorical evaluation of user interfaces
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Sosa-Tzec, Omar
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Siegel, Martin A.
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
2014-10-26
p.175-178
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: This paper introduces an approach for evaluating user interfaces built on
visual rhetoric and the rhetorical notion of function. A personal informatics
mobile application has been selected to exemplify the application of this
approach. Through the results of this example evaluation, this paper discusses
the consequence of applying a rhetorical evaluation to a user interface. In
this discussion, it is observed that inspecting the function performed by
interface components takes into account experiences, communication, and
meaning. In addition, it fosters reflection and criticism.
[3]
Reprioritizing the relationship between HCI research and practice: bubble-up
and trickle-down effects
Design research
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Gray, Colin M.
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Stolterman, Erik
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Siegel, Martin A.
Proceedings of DIS'14: Designing Interactive Systems
2014-06-21
v.1
p.725-734
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: There has been an ongoing conversation about the role and relationship of
theory and practice in the HCI community. This paper explores this relationship
privileging a practice perspective through a tentative model, which describes a
"bubble-up" of ideas from practice to inform research and theory development,
and an accompanying "trickle-down" of theory into practice. Interviews were
conducted with interaction designers, which included a description of their use
of design methods in practice, and their knowledge and use of two common design
methods-affinity diagramming and the concept of affordance. Based on these
interviews, potential relationships between theory and practice are explored
through this model. Disseminating agents already common in HCI practice are
addressed as possible mechanisms for the research community to understand
practice more completely. Opportunities for future research, based on the use
of the tentative model in a generative way, are considered.
[4]
Slow change interaction design
Cover story
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Siegel, Martin A.
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Beck, Jordan
interactions
2014-01
v.21
n.1
p.28-35
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: A theoretical sketch exploring the mindsets required for creating
interactive technologies that facilitate attitudinal and behavioral change over
time.
[5]
Does ad blindness on the web vary by age and gender?
Web and ecommerce
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Tullis, Thomas
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Siegel, Marisa
Extended Abstracts of ACM CHI'13 Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems
2013-04-27
v.2
p.1833-1838
© Copyright 2013 ACM
Summary: A previous study had shown that users tend to associate certain elements of
a web page with ads, and tend to avoid them. The current study revisited that
data to see if this "ad blindness" varies with the age or gender of the users.
We found that younger adults (20s and 30s) exhibited significantly more ad
blindness than older adults. We also found that men exhibited significantly
more ad blindness than women. We believe that both researchers and
practitioners need to pay more attention to age and gender in studies of web
behavior.
[6]
Faces and Viewing Behavior: An Exploratory Investigation
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Djamasbi, Soussan
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Siegel, Marisa
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Tullis, Tom S.
AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction
2012-09
v.4
n.3
p.190-211
© Copyright 2012 Association for Information Systems
Summary: User experience is becoming increasingly important in gaining a competitive
advantage in the marketplace. One way to improve user experience is by
including images of faces. People are drawn to faces because paying attention
to faces has played a significant role in human evolution. Hence, areas on a
web page that typically receive less attention from users, such as the right
side or below the fold, may benefit from the inclusion of images of faces.
Although faces may be useful in attracting attention to particular places on a
web page, they may also distract attention from key information. To test this
possibility, we conducted two eye tracking studies in which images of faces
were placed on areas of a web page that are shown to receive less attention.
The results indicated that faces did not increase the number of people who
viewed the areas where the faces were located, but that faces affected fixation
patterns on these areas. Our results also showed that faces located above the
fold of the web page negatively affected the performance of those who were
completing tasks.
[7]
INTERNET
Masters of Science in HCI
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Bardzell, Jeffrey
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Bardzell, Shaowen
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Blevis, Eli
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Connelly, Kay
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Groth, Dennis P.
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Hakken, David
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Medina, Eden
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Rawlins, Gregory J. E.
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Sabanovic, Selma
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Siegel, Martin
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Stolterman, Erik A.
2012-08-28
2002-12-02
United States, Indiana, Bloomington
Indiana University
Summary: Masters degree in HCI offered through the School of Informatics at IU.
[8]
Visual Hierarchy and Viewing Behavior: An Eye Tracking Study
Cognitive, Psychological and Behavioural Issues in HCI
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Djamasbi, Soussan
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Siegel, Marisa
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Tullis, Tom
HCI International 2011: 14th International Conference on Human-Computer
Interaction, Part I: Design and Development Approaches
2011-07-09
v.1
p.331-340
Keywords: Eye Tracking; Design Science; Visual Hierarchy; Viewing Pattern; Fixations;
Home Pages
Copyright © 2011 Springer-Verlag
Summary: Empirical evidence suggests that users often exhibit a viewing pattern that
favors the top and left sides of web pages. This viewing pattern may cause
users to miss a great deal of information. Grounded in the model of visual
hierarchy, this study examines the impact of visual complexity on how users
view a page. The results show that users' viewing pattern in our study was more
scattered than those reported in previous studies, which used pages with a
relatively less complex visual hierarchy. We also examined the impact of
browsing and information retrieval on viewing pattern. Such an investigation
can provide insight for the design of homepages that can effectively serve both
those who browse and those who retrieve information. The results also show that
eye tracker can serve as a valuable tool for designers to develop and test new
designs.
[9]
Comparison of Date Entry Methods: An Update for the Internet Age
COMPUTER SYSTEMS: CS4 -- Input and Display
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Tullis, Tom
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Siegel, Marisa
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting
2010-09-27
v.54
p.620-623
© Copyright 2010 HFES
Summary: This study examined seven methods for date entry on the web, including text
input, selection using dropdown menus or radio buttons, and combination
approaches. The focus was on the entry of dates that may be many years in the
past, such as a date of birth. A total of 776 participants, randomly assigned
to one of the seven methods, each entered ten dates in an online study. Speed
and accuracy were measured, and subjective ratings of task ease were collected.
The methods with three separate text-entry fields for month, day, and year,
either with or without auto-tab, were the fastest and received the highest task
ease ratings. However, they also had the highest error rates. Three separate
dropdowns for month, day, and year yielded the lowest error rate. The
implications of these results for the design of web forms are discussed.
[10]
Does underlining links help or hurt?
Work-in-progress, April 14-15
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Tullis, Tom
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Siegel, Marisa
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2010-04-10
v.2
p.4069-4074
Keywords: link, link treatment, underlining, web design
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: Two types of link treatments, underlined or non-underlined, were
investigated in the context of three web pages. Over 1,000 participants
completed tasks for which the answers were found either on the pages or by
clicking a link. Task accuracy, speed, and ratings were collected in an online
study. Conflicting findings suggest that primarily navigational pages should
use underlined links, while informational pages should not.
[11]
Generation Y, web design, and eye tracking
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Djamasbi, Soussan
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Siegel, Marisa
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Tullis, Tom
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
2010
v.68
n.5
p.307-323
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.12.006
Keywords: Generation Y / Millenials / HCI / Human computer interaction / Eye tracker /
Fixation / Gaze / Usability / Web design
© Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Summary: Generation Y (age 18-31) is a very large and economically powerful
generation, containing eighty-two million people and spending $200 billion
annually. It is not surprising that companies are interested in gaining the
patronage of this group, particularly via the web. Surprisingly, very little
research into making web pages appealing to this important demographic has been
done. This paper addresses this need through two separate studies. The first,
an online survey, provides evidence that our proposed score for predicting the
visual appeal of web pages reflects the self report measure of what pages
Generation Y likes. To refine these findings, an eye tracking study is
conducted using the pages that were most and least liked in Study I.
Participants' eye movement is tracked while browsing these pages, providing
evidence of what attracts their attention. The results of these two studies
suggest that Generation Y may prefer pages that include a main large image,
images of celebrities, little text, and a search feature. This research has
important implications.
[12]
Tracking Users' Viewing Pattern
Posters
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Djamasbi, Soussan
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Siegel, Marisa
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Tullis, Tom
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Dai, Rui
Proceedings of the 2009 AIS SIGHCI Workshop on HCI Research in MIS
2009-12-14
p.16
Summary: Empirical evidence suggests that users often exhibit a viewing pattern that
favors the top and left sides of web pages (Nielsen, 2006). According to the
model of visual hierarchy, viewing pattern is guided by two distinct cognitive
processes: searching and scanning, both influenced by the attributes of the web
components (Faraday, 2000). When used effectively, these attributes create a
visual hierarchy that can guide users in viewing a page. In addition, a number
of studies show that web users often exhibit a viewing pattern that is shaped
like the letter "F" (Nielsen, 2006; Shrestha and Lenz, 2007). F-pattern is
common to text-based pages, but can be diminished for an image-heavy page and
can also be task-dependent (Shrestha and Lenz, 2007). Because images often
serve as entry points to web pages (Faraday, 2000), these findings suggest that
visual hierarchy manipulated by images may have an impact on users' pattern of
viewing.
This study investigates two factors that may affect the F shaped viewing
pattern: 1) visual hierarchy, and 2) task. Two prototypes of a homepage from a
financialsrf company were designed to be different in only one section, which
was named "Expert Insights". The location of the section was below the fold of
the page, a spot typically missed when users exhibit an F-shaped viewing
pattern. One prototype was named Faces as its Expert Insights section included
images of faces, while the other, the No Faces prototype, contained no images
of faces. Because images tend to attract users' attention, their inclusion
affects the visual hierarchy of the homepage (Faraday, 2000).
Two tasks were designed in this study: browsing and searching. In the
searching task, participants were asked questions such as "You want to know
more about a fall in Brazil's stocks" and needed to retrieve information which
lay in the Expert Insights section.
34 participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions in this
two-task (browse or search) X two-prototype (Faces or No Faces prototype)
design. Their viewing patterns and eye fixations were collected by the
non-intrusive Tobii 1750 and analyzed using heat maps.
Results of this study showed that 1) consistent with previous findings, the
content above the fold received more fixations overall; 2) more fixations in
the center of the page were shown in the browsing task, whereas long fixations
on navigations and more scattered pattern were shown in the searching task; 3)
Faces prototype received more fixations on the text in Expert Insights, but No
Faces prototype showed fixations only on the titles.
Compared with a previous study in F-pattern (Shrestha and Lenz, 2007), our
homepage had a more complex visual hierarchy, which could guide users'
attention to areas outside of the pattern found on less visually complex pages.
This study also shows that visual complexity may affect the effect of task on
viewing pattern, and that task has an effect on viewing a page with a more
complex visual hierarchy. Images of the faces have served as effective entry
points, helping users to retrieve the information with fewer fixations. In
addition, including images of faces on a homepage can help guide users in
viewing and retrieving information adjacent to those images, even when the
images are located below the fold of the webpage. Last, creating visual appeal
in central area may be of great importance in creating a favorable aesthetic
experience. These results not only have theoretical importance, but also have
practical value.
[13]
Are people drawn to faces on webpages?
Spotlight on work in progress session 2
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Tullis, Tom
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Siegel, Marisa
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Sun, Emily
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2009-04-04
v.2
p.4207-4212
Keywords: faces, people, photos, pictures, web
© Copyright 2009 ACM
Summary: Three studies were conducted to investigate the effects of faces on
webpages. In Study I, eye-tracking data showed that users were clearly drawn to
faces when asked to look at pages and report what they remember. In Study II,
the presence of a face next to a message on a webpage caused users to have a
harder time finding that message. In Study III, photos of the authors of
opinion articles caused users to be less likely to find the article and to give
the page worse ratings.
[14]
Device ecology mapper: a tool for studying users' ecosystems of interactive
artifacts
Spotlight on work in progress session 2
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Ryan, William
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Stolterman, Erik
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Jung, Heekyoung
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Siegel, Martin
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Thompson, Tonya
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Hazlewood, William R.
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2009-04-04
v.2
p.4327-4332
Keywords: design, digital interactive artifact, ecology, personal ecosystem, user
research
© Copyright 2009 ACM
Summary: This paper presents a tool for both researchers and designers called the
Device Ecology Mapper, which allows users to share devices they own and
describe to researchers how they believe these devices are connected. We built
this tool from the theoretical perspective of ecology of artifacts in which
designed artifacts do not exist independently, but rather in complex ecosystems
with other artifacts through physical and perceptual connections. We designed
the evaluations of this tool to evaluate the extent to which designers found
the tool valuable and users found the tool true to the way they understand
their ecology of interactive artifacts-rather than how closely user's
perception of their ecology represents how these devices are actually
connected. We found evidence for both perspectives from these studies.
[15]
Toward a framework for ecologies of artifacts: how are digital artifacts
interconnected within a personal life?
Full papers
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Jung, Heekyoung
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Stolterman, Erik
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Ryan, Will
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Thompson, Tonya
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Siegel, Marty
Proceedings of the Fifth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
2008-10-10
p.201-210
Keywords: artifact, design, interactivity, personal ecology
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: Assuming that an interactive artifact cannot be fully understood by itself
due to their increasing number, we explored how individual artifacts are
related to each other and how those relationships can be investigated for
further design and research implications. This study suggests a concept of
ecology of artifacts to describe any implicit or explicit relationships among
interactive artifacts in one's personal life. We conducted two types of studies
-- personal inventory study and an ecology map study -- to explore multiple
dimensions for understanding a personal ecology of artifacts. We expect the
knowledge of artifact ecology would help designers and researchers in the field
of HCI to create and analyze interactive artifacts considering their dynamic
interplays in an increasingly ubiquitous technology environment.
[16]
Context interchange: new features and formalisms for the intelligent
integration of information
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Goh, Cheng Hian
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Bressan, Stefane
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Madnick, Stuart
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Siegel, Michael
ACM Transactions on Information Systems
1999
v.17
n.3
p.270-293
Keywords: abductive reasoning, information integration, mediators, semantic
heterogeneity, semantic interoperability
© Copyright 1999 ACM
Summary: The Context Interchange strategy presents a novel perspective for mediated
data access in which semantic conflicts among heterogeneous systems are not
identified a priori, but are detected and reconciled by a context mediator
through comparison of contexts axioms corresponding to the systems engaged in
data exchange. In this article, we show that queries formulated on shared
views, export schema, and shared "ontologies" can be mediated in the same way
using the Context Interchange framework. The proposed framework provides a
logic-based object-oriented formalsim for representing and reasoning about data
semantics in disparate systems, and has been validated in a prototype
implementation providing mediated data access to both traditional and web-based
information sources.
