[1]
Perceptive Media -- Adaptive Storytelling for Digital Broadcast
Interactive Posters
/
Gradinar, Adrian
/
Burnett, Daniel
/
Coulton, Paul
/
Forrester, Ian
/
Watkins, Matt
/
Scutt, Tom
/
Murphy, Emma
Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'15: Human-Computer Interaction, Part IV
2015-09-14
v.4
p.586-589
Keywords: Adaptive narrative; Digital storytelling; Context-aware media; Perceptive
media; Perceptive radio
© Copyright 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Summary: Storytelling techniques within traditional broadcast media have not made
major advances in recent years due to the linear and relatively rigid approach
to narrative despite advances in the technology that delivers the content. This
research proposes the concept of 'perceptive media' in which the content
creators have at their disposal different tools and sensors to allow for the
subtle adaption of the narrative without any direct interactions from the
audience members. The concept is demonstrated through the creation of a
'perceptive radio' that is able to play specially designed content that adapts
to the physical and social context in which the radio resides.
[2]
Navigating, Discovering and Exploring the Web: Strategies Used by People
with Print Disabilities on Interactive Websites
Designing with- and for People with Special Needs
/
Power, Christopher
/
Petrie, Helen
/
Swallow, David
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Gallagher, Bláithín
/
Velasco, Carlos A.
Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'13: Human-Computer Interaction-1
2013
v.1
p.667-684
Keywords: Web accessibility; user study; user strategy; print disabled Web users;
blind Web users; partially sighted Web users; dyslexic Web users
© Copyright 2013 IFIP
Summary: The majority of research into web accessibility has focused on identifying
and eliminating the problems that people with disabilities encounter when
interacting with the Web. In this paper we argue that we need to move away from
studying user problems to studying how people with disabilities apply
interaction strategies while browsing the Web. In this paper we present a study
of 19 print disabled users, including blind, partially sighted and dyslexic
people, interacting with a variety of interactive Web 2.0 web applications. The
participants undertook tasks using concurrent and retrospective protocols to
elicit information about how they interact with web content. The result of this
study was a collection of 586 strategic action sequences that were classified
into seven different types of strategy. Differences in the application of
strategies between the user groups are presented, as well as the most frequent
strategies used by each user group. We close the paper by discussing some
implications for the design of websites and assistive technologies as well as
the future directions for empirical research in accessibility.
[3]
The Role of Mental Computations in Current and Future En Route Air Traffic
Control
Aerospace Systems: AS7 -- Human Factors Challenges for Future Air Traffic
Controllers
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Albert, Harold A.
/
Chen, Jennifer M.
/
Anderson, Gregory G.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting
2012-10-22
p.110-114
doi 10.1177/1071181312561043
© Copyright 2012 HFES
Summary: As air traffic control (ATC) becomes increasingly automated, software
designers need to know how air traffic controllers process information as they
manage operations in today's system. Extracting knowledge from today's
controller workforce and representing that knowledge in the form of mental
computations are essential steps toward needs assessment and development of
advanced decision-aiding tools and technologies. A recent task analysis
documented information derived by controllers from their cognitive integration
of displayed information. This work envisions future, more detailed analyses of
the controller's mental computations as essential to identifying needs for
advanced software tools, including predictive displays.
[4]
Supporting Sounds: Design and Evaluation of an Audio-Haptic Interface
Haptics and Audio in Navigation
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Moussette, Camille
/
Verron, Charles
/
Guastavino, Catherine
HAID 2012: International Workshop on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
2012-08-23
p.11-20
Keywords: Auditory feedback; Haptic feedback; Target-finding; User Evaluation
© Copyright 2012 Springer-Verlag
Summary: The design and evaluation of a multimodal interface is presented in order to
investigate how spatial audio and haptic feedback can be used to convey the
navigational structure of a virtual environment. The non-visual 3D virtual
environment is composed of a number of parallel planes with either horizontal
or vertical orientations. The interface was evaluated using a target-finding
task to explore how auditory feedback can be used in isolation or combined with
haptic feedback for navigation. Twenty-three users were asked to locate targets
using auditory feedback in the virtual structure across both horizontal and
vertical orientations of the planes, with and without haptic feedback. Findings
from the evaluation experiment reveal that users performed the task faster in
the bi-modal conditions (with combined auditory and haptic feedback) with a
horizontal orientation of the virtual planes.
[5]
Conducting Iterative Usability Testing on a Web Site: Challenges and
Benefits
/
Bergstrom, Jennifer C. Romano
/
Olmsted-Hawala, Erica L.
/
Chen, Jennifer M.
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
Journal of Usability Studies
2011-11
v.7
n.1
p.9-30
© Copyright 2011 UPA and Author
Summary: This paper demonstrates the benefits and challenges of working
collaboratively with designers and developers while conducting iterative
usability testing during the course of Web site design. Four rounds of
usability testing were conducted using materials of increasing realism to
represent the user interface of a public government site: 1) low-fidelity paper
prototypes; 2) medium-fidelity, non-clickable HTML images; and 3) and 4)
high-fidelity, partially-clickable Web pages. Through three rounds of usability
testing, usability increased, but in the fourth round, usability declined.
Iterative testing enabled evaluators to collect quantitative and qualitative
data from typical users, address usability issues, and test new, revised
designs throughout the design process. This study demonstrates the challenges
and value of working collaboratively with designers and developers to create
tasks, collect participant data, and create and test solutions to usability
issues throughout the entire cycle of user-interface design.
[6]
Developing and Evaluating a Non-Visual Memory Game
Multi-Modal Interfaces
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
Tretter, Matthew
/
Murphy, Emma
Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'11: Human-Computer Interaction
2011-09-05
v.2
p.541-553
Keywords: Audio; blind; haptics; memory games; multimodal; speech
© Copyright 2011 IFIP
Summary: This paper describes the development of a non-visual memory game based on
the classic game 'Simon™', where users are presented with a sequence of
stimuli, which they need to replicate in the same order to progress to the next
level. Information is presented using a combination of speech, non-speech audio
and/or haptic cues, designed to aid blind users who are often excluded from
mainstream gaming applications. Findings from an empirical study have revealed
that when haptic feedback was presented in combination with other modalities,
users successfully replicated more sequences, compared with presenting haptic
feedback alone. We suggest that when developing a non-visual game using an
unfamiliar input device, speech-based feedback is presented in conjunction with
haptic cues.
[7]
Maintaining and modifying pace through tactile and multimodal feedback
/
Qian, Huimin
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
Sears, Andrew
/
Murphy, Emma
Interacting with Computers
2011-05
v.23
n.3
p.214-225
10.1016/j.intcom.2011.02.007
Keywords: Tactile / Multimodal / Walking
© Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Summary: Older adults are recommended to remain physically active to reduce the risk
of chronic diseases and to maintain psychological well-being. At the same time,
research also suggests that levels of fitness can be raised among this group.
This paper describes the development and evaluation of a mobile technology,
which enables older adults to monitor and modify their walking habits, with the
long-term aim of sustaining appropriate levels of physical activity. An
empirical study was conducted with twenty older adults to determine the
feasibility of the proposed solution, with results indicating that tactile
signals could be perceived while in motion and could support participants in
walking at a range of paces. However, the effects were difficult to discern due
to limitations of the hardware. In response, a novel low-cost prototype was
developed to amplify vibrations, and effectiveness of redundant auditory
information was investigated with the goal of enhancing the perception of the
cues. A second study was conducted to determine the impact of multimodal
feedback on walking behavior. Findings revealed that participants were able to
maintain a desired level of pace more consistently when redundant auditory
information was presented alongside the tactile feedback. When the visual
channel is not available, these results suggest that tactile cues presented via
a mobile device should be augmented with auditory feedback. Our research also
suggests that mobile devices could be made more effective for alternative
applications if they are designed to allow for stronger tactile feedback.
[8]
Designing auditory cues to enhance spoken mathematics for visually impaired
users
Non-visual access
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Bates, Enda
/
Fitzpatrick, Dónal
Twelfth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies
2010-10-25
p.75-82
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: Visual mathematic notation provides a succinct and unambiguous description
of the structure of mathematical formulae in a manner that is difficult to
replicate through the linear channels of synthesized speech and Braille. It is
proposed that the use of auditory cues can enhance accessibility to
mathematical material and reduce common ambiguities encountered through spoken
mathematics. However, the use of additional complex hierarchies of non-speech
sounds to represent the structure and scope of equations may be cognitively
demanding to process. This can detract from the users' understanding of the
mathematical content. In this paper, a new system is presented, which uses a
mixture of non-speech auditory cues, modified speech (spearcons) and binaural
spatialization to disambiguate the structure of mathematical formulae. A design
study, involving an online survey with 56 users, was undertaken to evaluate an
existing set of auditory cues and to brainstorm alternative ideas and solutions
from users before implementing modified designs and conducting a separate
controlled evaluation. It is proposed that by involving a wide number of users
in the creative design process, intuitive auditory cues will be implemented
with the potential to enhance spoken mathematics for visually impaired users.
[9]
Think-aloud protocols: a comparison of three think-aloud protocols for use
in testing data-dissemination web sites for usability
1001 users
/
Olmsted-Hawala, Erica L.
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Hawala, Sam
/
Ashenfelter, Kathleen T.
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2010-04-10
v.1
p.2381-2390
Keywords: experimental design, think aloud, usability testing, user testing,
user-centered design, verbalization
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: We describe an empirical, between-subjects study on the use of think-aloud
protocols in usability testing of a federal data-dissemination Web site. This
double-blind study used three different types of think-aloud protocols: a
traditional protocol, a speech-communication protocol, and a coaching protocol.
A silent condition served as the control. Eighty participants were recruited
and randomly pre-assigned to one of four conditions. Accuracy and efficiency
measures were collected, and participants rated their subjective satisfaction
with the site. Results show that accuracy is significantly higher in the
coaching condition than in the other conditions. The traditional protocol and
the speech-communication protocol are not statistically different from each
other with regard to accuracy. Participants in the coaching condition are more
satisfied with the Web site than participants in the traditional or
speech-communication condition. In addition, there are no significant
differences with respect to efficiency (time-on-task). This paper concludes
with recommendations for usability practitioners.
[10]
An empirical investigation into the difficulties experienced by visually
impaired Internet users
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
McAllister, Graham
/
Strain, Philip
/
Yu, Wai
Universal Access in the Information Society
2008
v.7
n.1/2
p.79-91
© Copyright 2008 Springer-Verlag
Summary: In this paper, an empirical based study is described which has been
conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by the
visually impaired community when accessing the Web. The study, involving 30
blind and partially sighted computer users, has identified navigation
strategies, perceptions of page layout and graphics using assistive devices
such as screen readers. Analysis of the data has revealed that current
assistive technologies impose navigational constraints and provide limited
information on web page layout. Conveying additional spatial information could
enhance the exploration process for visually impaired Internet users. It could
also assist the process of collaboration between blind and sighted users when
performing web-based tasks. The findings from the survey have informed the
development of a non-visual interface, which uses the benefits of multimodal
technologies to present spatial and navigational cues to the user.
[11]
Beyond Clicks and Beeps: In Pursuit of an Effective Sound Design Methodology
Session: Design
/
Pirhonen, Antti
/
Tuuri, Kai
/
Mustonen, Manne-Sakari
/
Murphy, Emma
HAID 2007: International Workshop on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
2007-11-29
p.133-144
© Copyright 2007 Springer-Verlag
Summary: Designing effective non-speech audio elements for a user-interface is a
challenging task due to the complex nature of sounds and the changing contexts
of non-visual interfaces. In this paper we present a design method, which is
intended to take into account the complexity of audio design as well as the
existing audio environment and the functional context of use. Central to this
method is a rich use scenario, presented in the form of a radio play, which is
used as a basis for the work of design panels. A previous version of the design
method is analysed and specific practical issues are identified. Solutions to
these issues are presented in the form of a modified version of the method. In
the current version of the method, special attention has been paid to the
development of a rich use scenario and the underlying personage. A case study
is presented to illustrate the practical implementation of the modified design
method and to support the proposed guidelines for its use.
[12]
A grid-based extension to an assistive multimodal interface
Work-in-progress
/
Strain, Philip
/
McAllister, Graham
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
Yu, Wai
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2007-04-28
v.2
p.2675-2680
© Copyright 2007 ACM
Summary: This paper describes an extension to a multimodal system designed to improve
Internet accessibility for the visually impaired. Here we discuss the novel
application of a grid (patent pending) to our assistive web interface. Findings
from our evaluation have shown that the grid enhances interaction by improving
the user's positional awareness when exploring a web page.
[13]
EDITED BOOK
Universal Usability: Designing Computer Interfaces for Diverse User
Populations
/
Lazar, Jonathan
2007
p.626
John Wiley & Sons
Preface
+ Shneiderman, Ben
1. Introduction to Universal Usability
+ Lazar, Jonathan
2. Designing Searching and Browsing Software for Elementary-Age Children
+ Hutchinson, Hilary
+ Druin, Allison
+ Bederson, Benjamin B.
3. The Why and How of Senior-Focused Design
+ O'Connell, Teri
4. Online Redesign of a Web Site's Information Architecture to Improve Accessibility for Users Who are Blind
+ Evers, Vanessa
+ Hillen, Hans
5. Listening to Choropleth Maps: Interactive Sonification of Geo-Referenced Data For Users With Visual Impairment
+ Zhao, Haixia
+ Shneiderman, Ben
+ Plaisant, Catherine
6. Improving Screen Readers for Blind Users
+ Lazar, Jonathan
+ Allen, Aaron
7. Web Fun Central: Online Learning Tools for Individuals with Down Syndrome
+ Myers, Matt
+ Kirijian, Assadour
+ Charland, Sylvie
8. Using Virtual Peer Technology as an Intervention for Children with Autism
+ Tartaro, Andrea
+ Cassell, Justine
9. Evidence-based computer-assisted instruction for Autism Spectrum Disorders
+ Whalen, Christina
+ Ingersoll, Brooke
+ Liden, Lars
+ Liden, Sven
10. Making Software Accessible for Users with Dementia
+ Alm, Norman
+ Dye, Richard
+ Astell, Arlene
+ Ellis, Maggie
+ Gowans, Gary
+ Campbell, Jim
11. Designing a Cognitive Aid for and with People who have Anterograde Amnesia
+ Wu, Mike
+ Baecker, Ron
+ Richards, Brian
12. Memories of a Life: A Design Case Study for Alzheimer's Disease
+ Cohene, Tira
+ Baecker, Ron
+ Marziali, Elsa
+ Mindy, Simona
13. Interaction Techniques for Users with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Speech Based Solution
+ Feng, Jinjuan
+ Sears, Andrew
14. Adding Gestural Text Entry to Input Devices for People with Motor Impairments
+ Wobbrock, Jacob
+ Myers, Brad A.
15. The Creating Community Connections Project: Social and Cultural Approaches for Engaging Low-Income Communities
+ Pinkett, Randal
16. Implementing Community-Based Participatory Research to Reduce Health and Technology Disparities Among Low Income African-American Women
+ Maloney-Krischmar, Diane
+ Walker, Eleanor
+ Bushnell, David
+ Sirvastava, Sadanand
17. Evaluating the Usability and Accessibility of an Online Form for Census Data Collection
+ Murphy, Elizabeth D.
+ Malakhoff, Lawrence A.
+ Coon, David A.
18.Internationalizing Greenstone: A Multi-Lingual Tool for Building Digital Libraries
+ Nichols, David M.
+ Keegan, Te Taka
+ Bainbridge, David
+ Cunningham, Sally Jo
+ Dewship, Michael
+ Witten, Ian H.
19. Making Universal Access Truly Universal: Looking Towards the Future
+ Preece, Jennifer
[14]
A Semiotic Approach to the Design of Non-speech Sounds
Design I
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Pirhonen, Antti
/
McAllister, Graham
/
Yu, Wai
HAID 2006: International Workshop on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
2006-08-31
p.121-132
© Copyright 2006 Springer-Verlag
Summary: In the field of auditory display there is currently a lack of theoretical
support for the design of non-speech sounds as elements of a user interface.
Sound design methods are often based on ad hoc choices or the personal
preferences of the designer. A method is proposed in this paper based on a
semiotic approach to the design of non-speech sounds. In this approach, the
design process is conceptualised by referring to structural semiotics,
acknowledging the unique qualities of non-speech sounds, as a mode of conveying
information. This method is based on a rich use scenario presented to a design
panel. A case study where the design method has been applied is presented and
evaluated. Finally recommendations for a practical design method are presented
supported by this empirical investigation.
[15]
A novel multimodal interface for improving visually impaired people's web
accessibility
/
Yu, Wai
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
Murphy, Emma
/
Strain, Philip
/
McAllister, Graham
Virtual Reality
2006-03
v.9
n.2/3
p.133-148
Keywords: Multimodal interface; Haptics; Audio; Assistive technology; Web
accessibility; Web navigation
Copyright © 2006 Springer
Summary: This paper introduces a novel interface designed to help blind and visually
impaired people to explore and navigate on the Web. In contrast to
traditionally used assistive tools, such as screen readers and magnifiers, the
new interface employs a combination of both audio and haptic features to
provide spatial and navigational information to users. The haptic features are
presented via a low-cost force feedback mouse allowing blind people to interact
with the Web, in a similar fashion to their sighted counterparts. The audio
provides navigational and textual information through the use of non-speech
sounds and synthesised speech. Interacting with the multimodal interface offers
a novel experience to target users, especially to those with total blindness. A
series of experiments have been conducted to ascertain the usability of the
interface and compare its performance to that of a traditional screen reader.
Results have shown the advantages that the new multimodal interface offers
blind and visually impaired people. This includes the enhanced perception of
the spatial layout of Web pages, and navigation towards elements on a page.
Certain issues regarding the design of the haptic and audio features raised in
the evaluation are discussed and presented in terms of recommendations for
future work.
[16]
Improving web accessibility using content-aware plug-ins
Late breaking results: short papers
/
Yu, Wai
/
McAllister, Graham
/
Strain, Philip
/
Kuber, Ravi
/
Murphy, Emma
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2005-04-02
v.2
p.1893-1896
© Copyright 2005 ACM
Summary: This paper describes a novel approach to improve blind and visually impaired
people's access to the Web by using a content-aware Web browser plug-in coupled
with audio and haptic tools. The Web plug-in accesses the current mouse
position on-screen, and makes the co-ordinates available to the audio and
haptic modalities. This allows the user to be informed when they are in the
vicinity of an image or hyperlink; previously they would only have been
informed when they are physically on the link. Thus, when the user is close to
an image or hyperlink, haptics and audio will be used to inform and guide them
to the actual spatial position. The Web browser plug-in and the associated
audio and haptic feedback tools are described in the paper. Finally, results
from a pilot study on the usability of this system are also presented.
[17]
Usability Testing of an Internet form for the 2004 Overseas Enumeration
Test: Iterative Testing Using Think-Aloud and Retrospective Report Methods
INTERNET: Applications
/
Norman, Kent L.
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting
2004-09-20
v.48
p.1493-1497
© Copyright 2004 HFES
Summary: An Internet form for the U. S. Census Bureau's 2004 Overseas Enumeration
Test was evaluated in two rounds of usability testing. Participants were
assigned to one of two conditions: Think-Aloud, in which they talked about what
they were doing; or Retrospective-Report, in which they completed the form and
then talked about their experience while viewing a recording. Participants also
completed follow-up tasks. Sessions were video taped and logged. Round 1
testing identified 28 usability issues. Round 2 testing found that 13 of the
issues had been resolved following design changes made to the interface. Round
2 testing identified 21 new and continuing usability issues. Results suggest
that changes made to the interface increased the likelihood that respondents
would be able to successfully complete the form. Task completion times in the
think-aloud condition were only slightly longer than they were in the
retrospective condition, while retrospective reports required a substantial
amount of added time.
[18]
Evaluating User Interfaces for Accommodation of Individual Differences in
Spatial Abilities and Way-Finding Strategies
Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society
/
Murphy, E. D.
/
Nusser, S. M.
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer
Interaction
2003-06-22
v.4
p.1005-1009
© Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
[19]
Is Spatial-Visualization Ability a Stronger Predictor of Performance for
Males than for Females on Computer-Based tasks
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE: The Role of Individual Differences in
Training and Expertise [Lecture]
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Lorenz, Bernd
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting
2001-10-08
v.45
p.931-935
© Copyright 2001 HFES
Summary: In research on cognitive issues in automation, spatial visualization ability
(SVA) was investigated as a mediator of performance. Prior to performing the
experimental task in a simulation environment, 83 undergraduate psychology
students completed an on-line version of a test of SVA. The two basic
experimental conditions were "monitoring" and "on-call." In the monitoring
condition, participants monitored status messages and responded to system
alerts. In the on-call condition, participants performed an unrelated task in
between responding to alerts. Dependent measures included decision accuracy. A
correlational analysis of SVA scores with decision accuracy found a higher
correlation for men than for women. Further analysis indicated that SVA was not
a significantly stronger predictor of performance for men than it was for women
in the simulated environment. With a larger sample size, however, differential
prediction is likely. If confirmed, this finding has implications for the use
of SVA in personnel selection. Textual and tabular alternatives to graphical
displays may be helpful to low-SVA users.
[20]
Celebrating a Decade of Joyful Innovation: HCIL's 10th Annual Symposium and
Open House
Papers
/
Sheppard, Sylvia B.
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
1993
v.25
n.4
p.29-31
[21]
Modeling Air Traffic Controller Performance in Highly Automated Environments
Aerospace Systems: Air Traffic Control
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Reaux, Ray A.
/
Stewart, Lisa J.
/
Coleman, William D.
/
Harwood, Kelly
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting
1989-10-16
v.1
p.47-51
© Copyright 1989 Human Factors Society
WARNING: THE ABSTRACT OF THIS ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN VALIDATED
Summary: As increasing levels of automation are planned for the United States' air
traffic control system, there is a need to assess planned system design changes
for their potential effects on human performance. The model of controller
performance developed by this work permits the comparison of prior and planned
system transition states on several performance dimensions: perceptual,
analytic, response, and resource management. Systematic predictions of
performance provide a basis for identifying potential trouble spots in a
planned system. The model can be employed to determine whether system design
changes will improve controller performance without placing unreasonable
demands on the controller's resources. It can be tailored to represent human
performance variables and sources of resource demand in any complex automated
system.
[22]
Building a Modeling and Simulation Analysis Tool to Predict Air Traffic
Controller Workload and Performance
Aerospace Systems: Air Traffic Control
/
Reaux, Ray A.
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Stewart, Lisa J.
/
Gresh, Janet L.
/
Bruce, Karin
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting
1989-10-16
v.1
p.52-56
© Copyright 1989 Human Factors Society
WARNING: THE ABSTRACT OF THIS ENTRY HAS NOT BEEN VALIDATED
Summary: To meet expected increases in domestic air traffic, the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) will increase the level of automation in the domestic air
traffic control (ATC) system. There is a need to assess the effects of the
increased automation on controller workload and performance. Software-based
engineering tools are needed to automate the analysis, allowing designers to
identify potential problems early in the system design lifecycle. This paper
describes one such tool, the Predictive Air Traffic Controller Analysis Model
(PATCAM), a modeling and simulation analysis tool that uses a system operations
concept and task attributes database, a controller activities model, a sector
environment model and simulation engine, and a workload or performance model to
predict the impact of system design changes on controller workload or
performance.
[23]
Cognitive Attributes: Implications for Display Design in Supervisory Control
Systems
/
Murphy, Elizabeth D.
/
Mitchell, Christine M.
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
1986
v.25
n.4
p.411-438
© Copyright 1986 Academic Press
Summary: Based on a review of the literature, a cognitive model of human information
processing is presented. The model synthesizes several perspectives with the
intent of suggesting guidelines for human-computer interface designers of
supervisory control systems. Given this model, the paper identifies 18
attributes of cognition that are particularly relevant to information display
design and real-time decision-making. The discussion of each attribute of
cognition has four components. First, each cognitive attribute is defined
based on current interpretations in the cognitive-psychology literature. Next,
given traditional design approaches, likely negative outcomes of automation as
they affect the cognitive attribute are identified. Third, given the
hypothesized effects, improvements in conventional design are suggested.
Finally, the discussion of each cognitive attribute concludes with an example
drawn from existing command and control environments. The paper is intended to
provide a well-defined and coherent background for empirical research exploring
alternative strategies of human-computer interface design for decision-makers
in supervisory control systems.
