hotauthor: gergle_d* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] Gazed and Confused: Understanding and Designing Shared Gaze for Remote Collaboration Distance Still Matters / D'Angelo, Sarah / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of the ACM CHI'16 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2016-05-07 v.1 p.2492-2496

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: People utilize eye gaze as an important cue for monitoring attention and coordinating awareness. This study investigates how remote pairs make use of a graphical representation of their partner's eye-gaze during a tightly-coupled collaborative task. Our results suggest that reproducing shared gaze in a remote collaboration setting makes pairs more accurate when referring to linguistically complex objects by facilitating the production of efficient forms of deictic references. We discuss how the availability of gaze influences coordination strategies and implications for the design of shared gaze in remote collaboration systems.

[2] On the bias: Self-esteem biases across communication channels during romantic couple conflict Relationships and Romance / Scissors, Lauren / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2016 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2016-02-27 v.1 p.383-393

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Are one's individual biases stronger when mediated communication is used? This paper examines the role of self-esteem-related biases and communication channel during romantic couple conflict. Romantic couples communicated about a conflict either face-to-face (FtF) or via instant messenger (IM). Results revealed that for people with lower levels of self-esteem, their negative biases were triggered when they communicated with their partners via IM; people with lower levels of self-esteem had more negative assessments of the conflict discussion and of the impact of the discussion on the relationship when communicating via IM than when communicating FtF. At a theoretical level, this work deepens our understanding of how individual difference variables like self-esteem impact how individuals process information and communicate via technology. At a practical level, findings suggest that the use of mediated communication during conflict is more harmful to certain individuals than to others.

[3] Capturing Turn-by-Turn Lexical Similarity in Text-Based Communication Computer-Mediated Communication / Liebman, Noah / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2016 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2016-02-27 v.1 p.553-559

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Speakers often come to use similar words during conversation; that is, they come to exhibit lexical similarity. The extent to which this occurs is associated with many positive social outcomes. However, existing measures of lexical similarity are either highly labor intensive or too coarse in their temporal resolution. This limits the ability of researchers to study lexical similarity as it unfolds over the course of a conversation. We present a fully automated metric for tracking lexical similarity over time, and demonstrate it on individual conversations, explore general trends in aggregate conversational dynamics, and examine differences in how similarity tracks over time in groups with differing social outcomes.

[4] It's (Not) Simply a Matter of Time: The Relationship Between CMC Cues and Interpersonal Affinity Computer-Mediated Communication / Liebman, Noah / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2016 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2016-02-27 v.1 p.570-581

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Nonverbal, paralinguistic cues such as punctuation and emoticons are believed to be one of the mechanisms through which interpersonal relationship development takes place in text-based interactions. We use a novel experimental apparatus to manipulate these cues in a live Instant Message conversation. Results show a positive causal relationship of conversation duration and cue use on perceived affinity, and the relationship is contingent upon whether or not partners are able to see each other's cues. Further analysis of the dialogue reveals that reciprocity may play a central role in supporting this effect. We then demonstrate how one's cue use is influenced by a partner's cue use, and show that cues are often used in greeting and sign-off rituals.

[5] Designing Shared Gaze Awareness for Remote Collaboration Posters / Li, Jerry / Manavalan, Mia / D'Angelo, Sarah / Gergle, Darren Companion Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2016 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2016-02-27 v.2 p.325-328

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: In this project, we evaluate two different methods for highlighting shared gaze across two tasks with different collaborative properties. There are many factors to consider when designing shared gaze representations such as how much information to display and when to provide it so that it will be most useful. Unlike other non-verbal forms of communication such as deictic gesturing, gaze is not always intentionally communicative and therefore we need to think critically about when and how to display it. For each task, participants saw their partner's gaze displayed continuously, em-phasized either by previous fixation points or extended fixations. We discuss our findings and present design implications for shared gaze awareness based on inter-action traces and interviews with participants.

[6] Understanding and leveraging social networks for crowdfunding: opportunities and challenges Social data / Hui, Julie S. / Gerber, Elizabeth M. / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of DIS'14: Designing Interactive Systems 2014-06-21 v.1 p.677-680

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Crowdfunding provides a new way for creatives to share their work and acquire resources from their social network to influence what new ideas are realized. Yet, we understand very little about this growing phenomenon. Grounded in existing work on social network analysis, we interview 58 crowdfunding project creators to investigate how crowdfunders use their social network to reach their campaign goals. We identified three main challenges, which include understanding network capabilities, activating network connections, and expanding network reach. From our findings, we develop initial design implications for support tools to help crowdfunding project creators better understand and leverage their social network.

[7] Letter repetitions in computer-mediated communication: A unique link between spoken and online language / Kalman, Yoram M. / Gergle, Darren Computers in Human Behavior 2014-05 v.34 n.0 p.187-193

Keywords: CMC cues

Keywords: Nonverbal cues

Keywords: Computer-mediated communication

Keywords: Letter repetitions

Link to Article at sciencedirect

Summary: Computer-mediated communication (CMC) affords many CMC cues which augment the verbal content of the message: all uppercase letters, asterisks, emoticons, punctuation marks, chronemics (time-related messages) and letter repetitions, to name a few. Letter repetitions are unique CMC cues in that they appear to be a written emulation of a spoken paralinguistic cue -- phoneme extension. In this study we explore letter repetitions as a CMC cue, with specific emphasis on elucidating the link between them and spoken nonverbal cues. The letter repetitions are studied in the Enron Corpus, a large ecologically valid collection (~500,000) of e-mail messages sent by and to employees of the Enron Corporation. We conclude that letter repetitions in the corpus often, but not always, emulate spoken nonverbal cues. This conclusion is examined in a longitudinal analysis that demonstrates the dynamic nature of this cue, and suggests that the usage of letter repetitions is increasing over time, while the link to spoken language is diminishing.

[8] Room for interpretation: the role of self-esteem and CMC in romantic couple conflict Computer mediated intimacy and romance / Scissors, Lauren E. / Roloff, Michael E. / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2014-04-26 v.1 p.3953-3962

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This work explores the role of communication technologies during romantic couple conflict, and the impact that self-esteem has on behavior, preferences for communication channels, and attitudes about mediated communication during conflict. Results revealed that lower levels of self-esteem and communicating via text messaging (vs. face-to-face) were associated with increased distancing and perceived partner distancing behaviors. Lower levels of self-esteem and using mediated communication were also associated with a greater likelihood of thinking that a conflict had a negative impact on the relationship. Yet, there was no evidence to suggest that individuals with lower levels of self-esteem exhibited more negative behaviors and perceptions in text-based communication than in FtF communication. In addition, lower levels of self-esteem were associated with increased use of and preferences for text-based mediated communication over FtF communication during conflict. Overall, this study suggests that both self-esteem and communication channel impact the nature of romantic couple conflict.

[9] Understanding and leveraging social networks for crowdfunding: implications for support tools Works-in-progress / Hui, Julie / Gerber, Elizabeth / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2014-04-26 v.2 p.2083-2088

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Crowdfunding provides a new way for creatives to share their work and acquire resources from their social network to influence what new ideas are realized. Yet, we understand very little about this growing phenomenon. Grounded in existing work on social network analysis, we investigate how crowdfunders strategically use their social network to reach their campaign goals. We interviewed 47 crowdfunding project creators to understand the challenges they face. We identified three main themes, which include understanding network capabilities, activating network connections, and expanding network reach. From our findings, we develop initial design implications for support tools to help crowdfunding project creators better understand and leverage their social network.

[10] To search or to ask: the routing of information needs between traditional search engines and social networks Friendsourcing / Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne / Hecht, Brent / Morris, Meredith Ringel / Teevan, Jaime / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CSCW 2014 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2014-02-15 v.1 p.16-27

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: In status message question asking (SMQA), members of social networking sites make use of status messages to express information needs to friends and contacts. We present findings from a laboratory study that examined 82 participants' SMQA behaviors in the broader context of online information seeking. When given the option of using a search engine and/or a social network, participants leveraged SMQA for 20% of their information needs, most often posing a question to their network in addition to issuing a query. We show the important roles played by the specificity of the information need and the perceived audience of a given network on routing decisions. We then demonstrate that routing decisions have varied effects on participants' satisfaction, information value, and trust of outcomes. In addition to highlighting the complementary advantages and disadvantages of search and SMQA, our findings suggest that search engines can better address a meaningful portion of people's information needs by integrating SMQA capabilities into their systems.

[11] EDITED BOOK Ways of Knowing in HCI / Olson, Judith S. / Kellogg, Wendy A. 2014 p.472 Springer New York

ISBN: 978-1-4939-0377-1 (print), 978-1-4939-0378-8 (online)

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Reading and Interpreting Ethnography (1-23)
	+ Dourish, Paul
Curiosity, Creativity, and Surprise as Analytic Tools: Grounded Theory Method (25-48)
	+ Muller, Michael
Knowing by Doing: Action Research as an Approach to HCI (49-68)
	+ Hayes, Gillian R.
Concepts, Values, and Methods for Technical Human--Computer Interaction Research (69-93)
	+ Hudson, Scott E.
	+ Mankoff, Jennifer
Study, Build, Repeat: Using Online Communities as a Research Platform (95-117)
	+ Terveen, Loren
	+ Konstan, Joseph A.
	+ Lampe, Cliff
Field Deployments: Knowing from Using in Context (119-142)
	+ Siek, Katie A.
	+ Hayes, Gillian R.
	+ Newman, Mark W.
	+ Tang, John C.
Science and Design: The Implications of Different Forms of Accountability (143-165)
	+ Gaver, William
Research Through Design in HCI (167-189)
	+ Zimmerman, John
	+ Forlizzi, Jodi
Experimental Research in HCI (191-227)
	+ Gergle, Darren
	+ Tan, Desney S.
Survey Research in HCI (229-266)
	+ Müller, Hendrik
	+ Sedley, Aaron
	+ Ferrall-Nunge, Elizabeth
Crowdsourcing in HCI Research (267-289)
	+ Egelman, Serge
	+ Chi, Ed H.
	+ Dow, Steven
Sensor Data Streams (291-321)
	+ Voida, Stephen
	+ Patterson, Donald J.
	+ Patel, Shwetak N.
Eye Tracking: A Brief Introduction (323-348)
	+ Navalpakkam, Vidhya
	+ Churchill, Elizabeth F.
Understanding User Behavior Through Log Data and Analysis (349-372)
	+ Dumais, Susan
	+ Jeffries, Robin
	+ Russell, Daniel M.
	+ Tang, Diane
	+ Teevan, Jaime
Looking Back: Retrospective Study Methods for HCI (373-393)
	+ Russell, Daniel M.
	+ Chi, Ed H.
Agent Based Modeling to Inform the Design of Multiuser Systems (395-419)
	+ Ren, Yuqing
	+ Kraut, Robert E.
Social Network Analysis in HCI (421-447)
	+ Hansen, Derek L.
	+ Smith, Marc A.
Research Ethics and HCI (449-468)
	+ Bruckman, Amy
Epilogue (469-472)
	+ Kellogg, Wendy A.
	+ Olson, Judith S.

[12] Online chronemics convey social information / Kalman, Yoram M. / Scissors, Lauren E. / Gill, Alastair J. / Gergle, Darren Computers in Human Behavior 2013-05 v.29 n.3 p.1260-1269

Keywords: Computer-mediated communication

Keywords: Chronemics

Keywords: Social information processing

Link to Article at sciencedirect

Summary: Chronemic research explores the involvement of time-related messages in communication, and has shown that time is an important component of the message in both traditional and online communication. Social information processing (SIP) theory posits that online communicators exchange social information through chronemic cues. This study points to a gap in SIP theory research, and proceeds to close the gap by demonstrating that changes in socially important attributes are reflected in measurable chronemic changes. A two-person social dilemma online game is used to demonstrate that changes in a simple chronemic variable, interpost pause, reflect differences in the players' personality (level of extraversion), as well as differences in trust within the dyad. These findings support SIP theory by showing how online chronemics provide cues to important personal and situational information.

[13] "Back and forth, back and forth": channel switching in romantic couple conflict <3CI: technology supporting relationships / Scissors, Lauren E. / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CSCW'13 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2013-02-23 v.1 p.237-248

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This work explores the act of channel switching, or switching between forms of face-to-face (FtF) and mediated communication (e.g., text messaging, instant messaging) during romantic couple conflict. Interviews were conducted with 24 individuals currently involved in a non-cohabitating romantic dating relationship of 3 months or longer. Results revealed that many patterns of channel switching are used during conflict, including switches from mediated to FtF communication and from FtF to mediated communication. In addition, participants had a number of interpersonal motivations for initiating a channel switch, including avoiding conflict escalation, managing one's emotions, and attempting to reach a resolution. Theoretical and design implications are discussed.

[14] Social media question asking workshop Workshop summaries / Ackerman, Mark / Adamic, Lada / Ellison, Nicole / Gergle, Darren / Hecht, Brent / Lampe, Cliff / Morris, Meredith Ringel / Teevan, Jaime Proceedings of ACM CSCW'13 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2013-02-23 v.2 p.297-298

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Social media question asking, in which people use Internet technologies to solicit help from other people, is an increasingly common way for people to find information. This workshop brings together researchers studying social media question asking from a variety of perspectives, including social scientists seeking to understand and describe the phenomenon and those seeking to create improved experiences through innovation in system building or user interface design.

[15] Using Visual Information for Grounding and Awareness in Collaborative Tasks / Gergle, Darren / Kraut, Robert E. / Fussell, Susan R. Human-Computer Interaction 2013-01-01 v.28 v.28 n.1 p.1-39

Link to Article at Taylor & Francis

Summary: When pairs work together on a physical task, seeing a common workspace facilitates communication and benefits performance. When mediating such activities, however, the choice of technology can transform the visual information in ways that impact critical coordination processes. In this article we examine two coordination processes that are impacted by visual information -- situation awareness and conversational grounding -- which are theoretically distinct but often confounded in empirical research. We present three empirical studies that demonstrate how shared visual information supports collaboration through these two distinct routes. We also address how particular features of visual information interact with features of the task to influence situation awareness and conversational grounding, and further demonstrate how these features affect conversation and coordination. Experiment 1 manipulates the immediacy of the visual information and shows that immediate visual feedback facilitates collaboration by improving both situation awareness and conversational grounding. In Experiment 2, by misaligning the perspective through which the Worker and Helper see the work area we disrupt the ability of visual feedback to support conversational grounding but not situation awareness. The findings demonstrate that visual information supports the central mechanism of conversational grounding. Experiment 3 disrupts the ability of visual feedback to support situation awareness by reducing the size of the common viewing area. The findings suggest that visual information independently supports both situation awareness and conversational grounding. We conclude with a general discussion of the results and their implications for theory development and the future design of collaborative technologies.

[16] Detecting linguistic HCI markers in an online aphasia support group Communication aids / Kalman, Yoram M. / Geraghty, Kathleen / Thompson, Cynthia K. / Gergle, Darren Fourteenth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2012-10-22 p.65-70

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Aphasia is an acquired language disorder resulting from trauma or injury to language areas of the brain. Despite extensive research on the impact of aphasia on traditional forms of communication, little is known about the impact of aphasia on computer-mediated communication (CMC). In this study we asked whether the well-documented language deficits associated with aphasia can be detected in online writing of people with aphasia. We analyzed 150 messages (14,754 words) posted to an online aphasia support forum, by six people with aphasia and by four controls. Significant linguistic differences between people with aphasia and controls were detected, suggesting five putative linguistic HCI markers for aphasia. These findings suggest that interdisciplinary research on communication disorders and CMC has both applied and theoretical implications.

[17] Staying in the loop: structure and dynamics of Wikipedia's breaking news collaborations Emergent / Keegan, Brian / Gergle, Darren / Contractor, Noshir Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration 2012-08-27 p.1

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Despite the fact that Wikipedia articles about current events are more popular and attract more contributions than typical articles, canonical studies of Wikipedia have only analyzed articles about pre-existing information. We expect the co-authoring of articles about breaking news incidents to exhibit high-tempo coordination dynamics which are not found in articles about historical events and information. Using 1.03 million revisions made by 158,384 users to 3,233 English Wikipedia articles about disasters, catastrophes, and conflicts since 1990, we construct "article trajectories" of editor interactions as they coauthor an article. Examining a subset of this corpus, our analysis demonstrates that articles about current events exhibit structures and dynamics distinct from those observed among articles about non-breaking events. These findings have implications for how collective intelligence systems can be leveraged to process and make sense of complex information.

[18] Explanatory semantic relatedness and explicit spatialization for exploratory search Users 2: exploratory search / Hecht, Brent / Carton, Samuel H. / Quaderi, Mahmood / Schöning, Johannes / Raubal, Martin / Gergle, Darren / Downey, Doug Proceedings of the 35th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 2012-08-12 p.415-424

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Exploratory search, in which a user investigates complex concepts, is cumbersome with today's search engines. We present a new exploratory search approach that generates interactive visualizations of query concepts using thematic cartography (e.g. choropleth maps, heat maps). We show how the approach can be applied broadly across both geographic and non-geographic contexts through explicit spatialization, a novel method that leverages any figure or diagram -- from a periodic table, to a parliamentary seating chart, to a world map -- as a spatial search environment. We enable this capability by introducing explanatory semantic relatedness measures. These measures extend frequently-used semantic relatedness measures to not only estimate the degree of relatedness between two concepts, but also generate human-readable explanations for their estimates by mining Wikipedia's text, hyperlinks, and category structure. We implement our approach in a system called Atlasify, evaluate its key components, and present several use cases.

[19] Towards Speeding Audio EQ Interface Building with Transfer Learning Posters / Pardo, Bryan / Little, David / Gergle, Darren NIME 2012: New Interfaces for Musical Expression 2012-05-21 p.74

Keywords: Human computer interaction, music, multimedia production, transfer learning

www.eecs.umich.edu/nime2012/Proceedings/papers/74_Final_Manuscript.pdf

Summary: Potential users of audio production software, such as parametric audio equalizers, may be discouraged by the complexity of the interface. A new approach creates a personalized on-screen slider that lets the user manipulate the audio in terms of a descriptive term (e.g. "warm"), without the user needing to learn or use the interface of an equalizer. This system learns mappings by presenting a sequence of sounds to the user and correlating the gain in each frequency band with the user's preference rating. The system speeds learning through transfer learning. Results on a study of 35 participants show how an effective, personalized audio manipulation tool can be automatically built after only three ratings from the user.

[20] Omnipedia: bridging the wikipedia language gap It's a big web! / Bao, Patti / Hecht, Brent / Carton, Samuel / Quaderi, Mahmood / Horn, Michael / Gergle, Darren Proceedings of ACM CHI 2012 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2012-05-05 v.1 p.1075-1084

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: We present Omnipedia, a system that allows Wikipedia readers to gain insight from up to 25 language editions of Wikipedia simultaneously. Omnipedia highlights the similarities and differences that exist among Wikipedia language editions, and makes salient information that is unique to each language as well as that which is shared more widely. We detail solutions to numerous front-end and algorithmic challenges inherent to providing users with a multilingual Wikipedia experience. These include visualizing content in a language-neutral way and aligning data in the face of diverse information organization strategies. We present a study of Omnipedia that characterizes how people interact with information using a multilingual lens. We found that users actively sought information exclusive to unfamiliar language editions and strategically compared how language editions defined concepts. Finally, we briefly discuss how Omnipedia generalizes to other domains facing language barriers.

[21] Do editors or articles drive collaboration?: multilevel statistical network analysis of wikipedia coauthorship Wikipedia studies II / Keegan, Brian / Gergle, Darren / Contractor, Noshir Proceedings of ACM CSCW'12 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2012-02-11 v.1 p.427-436

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Prior scholarship on Wikipedia's collaboration processes has examined the properties of either editors or articles, but not the interactions between both. We analyze the coauthorship network of Wikipedia articles about breaking news demanding intense coordination and compare the properties of these articles and the editors who contribute to them to articles about contemporary and historical events. Using p*/ERGM methods to test a multi-level, multi-theoretical model, we identify how editors' attributes and editing patterns interact with articles' attributes and authorship history. Editors' attributes like prior experience have a stronger influence on collaboration patterns, but article attributes also play significant roles. Finally, we discuss the implications our findings and methods have for understanding the socio-material duality of collective intelligence systems beyond Wikipedia.

[22] Investigating effects of visual and tactile feedback on spatial coordination in collaborative handheld systems Media production / Yatani, Koji / Gergle, Darren / Truong, Khai Proceedings of ACM CSCW'12 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2012-02-11 v.1 p.661-670

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Mobile and handheld devices have become platforms to support remote collaboration. But, their small form-factor may impact the effectiveness of the visual feedback channel often used to help users maintain an awareness of their partner's activities during synchronous collaborative tasks. We investigated how visual and tactile feedback affects collaboration on mobile devices, with emphasis on spatial coordination in a shared workspace. From two user studies, our results highlight different benefits of each feedback channel in collaborative handheld systems. Visual feedback can provide precise spatial information for collaborators, but degrades collaboration when the feedback is occluded, and sometimes can distract the user's attention. Spatial tactile feedback can reduce the overload of information in visual space and gently guides the user's attention to an area of interest. Our results also show that visual and tactile feedback can complement each other, and systems using both feedback channels can support better spatial coordination than systems using only one form of feedback.

[23] Duet 2012: dual eye tracking in CSCW Workshops / Jermann, Patrick / Gergle, Darren / Bednarik, Roman / Brennan, Susan Companion Proceedings of ACM CSCW'12 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2012-02-11 v.2 p.23-24

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support collaborative work. The method consists of simultaneously recording the gaze of two collaborators working on a common task. The main themes addressed in the workshop are eye-tracking methodology (how to translate gaze measures into descriptions of joint action, how to measure and model gaze alignment between collaborators, how to include gaze in multimodal interaction models, how to address task specificity inherent to eye-tracking data), empirical studies involving dual eye tracking and more generally future applications of dual eye-tracking in CSCW.

[24] Hot off the wiki: dynamics, practices, and structures in Wikipedia's coverage of the Tohoku catastrophes Wikipedia as a global phenomenon / Keegan, Brian / Gergle, Darren / Contractor, Noshir Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration 2011-10-03 p.105-113

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Wikipedia editors are uniquely motivated to collaborate around current and breaking news events. However, the speed, urgency, and intensity with which these collaborations unfold also impose a substantial burden on editors' abilities to effectively coordinate tasks and process information. We analyze the patterns of activity on Wikipedia following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami to understand the dynamics of editor attention and participation, novel practices employed to collaborate on these articles, and the resulting coauthorship structures which emerge between editors and articles. Our findings have implications for supporting future coverage of breaking news articles, theorizing about motivations to participate in online community, and illuminating Wikipedia's potential role in storing cultural memories of catastrophe.

[25] The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures Research methods / Wobbrock, Jacob O. / Findlater, Leah / Gergle, Darren / Higgins, James J. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2011 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2011-05-07 v.1 p.143-146

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Nonparametric data from multi-factor experiments arise often in human-computer interaction (HCI). Examples may include error counts, Likert responses, and preference tallies. But because multiple factors are involved, common nonparametric tests (e.g., Friedman) are inadequate, as they are unable to examine interaction effects. While some statistical techniques exist to handle such data, these techniques are not widely available and are complex. To address these concerns, we present the Aligned Rank Transform (ART) for nonparametric factorial data analysis in HCI. The ART relies on a preprocessing step that "aligns" data before applying averaged ranks, after which point common ANOVA procedures can be used, making the ART accessible to anyone familiar with the F-test. Unlike most articles on the ART, which only address two factors, we generalize the ART to N factors. We also provide ARTool and ARTweb, desktop and Web-based programs for aligning and ranking data. Our re-examination of some published HCI results exhibits advantages of the ART.