[1]
Quantifying reading habits: counting how many words you read
Quantifying and communicating through wearables
/
Kunze, Kai
/
Masai, Katsutoshi
/
Inami, Masahiko
/
Sacakli, Ömer
/
Liwicki, Marcus
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Ishimaru, Shoya
/
Kise, Koichi
Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
2015-09-07
p.87-96
© Copyright 2015 ACM
Summary: Reading is a very common learning activity, a lot of people perform it
everyday even while standing in the subway or waiting in the doctors office.
However, we know little about our everyday reading habits, quantifying them
enables us to get more insights about better language skills, more effective
learning and ultimately critical thinking. This paper presents a first
contribution towards establishing a reading log, tracking how much reading you
are doing at what time. We present an approach capable of estimating the words
read by a user, evaluate it in an user independent approach over 3 experiments
with 24 users over 5 different devices (e-ink reader, smartphone, tablet,
paper, computer screen). We achieve an error rate as low as 5% (using a medical
electrooculography system) or 15% (based on eye movements captured by optical
eye tracking) over a total of 30 hours of recording. Our method works for both
an optical eye tracking and an Electrooculography system. We provide first
indications that the method works also on soon commercially available smart
glasses.
[2]
Seed, a Natural Language Interface to Knowledge Bases
Knowledge Management
/
Eldesouky, Bahaa
/
Maus, Heiko
/
Schwarz, Sven
/
Dengel, Andreas
HIMI 2015: 17th International Conference on Human Interface and the
Management of Information, Symposium on Human Interface, Part I: Information
and Knowledge Design
2015-08-02
v.1
p.280-290
Keywords: Usability; Semantic Web; Natural language; Knowledge bases
© Copyright 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Summary: The World Wide Web has been rapidly developing in the last decade. In recent
years, the Semantic Web has gained a lot of traction. It is a vision of the Web
where data is understandable by machines as well as humans. Developments in the
Semantic Web made way for the creation of massive knowledge bases containing a
wealth of structured information. However, allowing end-users to interact with
and benefit from these knowledge bases remains a challenge.
In this paper, we present Seed, an extensible knowledge-supported natural
language text composition tool, which provides a user-friendly way of
interacting with complex knowledge systems. It is integrable not only with
public knowledge bases on the Semantic Web, but also with private knowledge
bases used in personal or enterprise contexts.
By means of a long-term formative user-study and a short-term user
evaluation of a sizable population of test subjects, we show that Seed was
successfully used in exploring, modifying and creating the content of complex
knowledge bases. We show it enables end-users do so with nearly no domain
knowledge while hiding the complexity of the underlying knowledge
representation.
[3]
Daily activity recognition combining gaze motion and visual features
PETMEI -- 4th International Workshop on Pervasive Eye Tracking and Mobile
Eye-Based Interaction
/
Shiga, Yuki
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Toyama, Takumi
/
Kise, Koichi
/
Utsumi, Yuzuko
Adjunct Proceedings of the 2014 International Joint Conference on Pervasive
and Ubiquitous Computing
2014-09-13
v.2
p.1103-1111
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: Recognition of user activities is a key issue for context-aware computing.
We present a method for recognition of user daily activities using gaze motion
features and image-based visual features. Gaze motion features dominate for
inferring the user's egocentric context whereas image-based visual features
dominate for recognition of the environments and the target objects. The
experimental results show the fusion of those different type of features
improves performance of user daily activity recognition.
[4]
In the blink of an eye: combining head motion and eye blink frequency for
activity recognition with Google Glass
3. Look into Your Eyes
/
Ishimaru, Shoya
/
Kunze, Kai
/
Kise, Koichi
/
Weppner, Jens
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Lukowicz, Paul
/
Bulling, Andreas
Proceedings of the 2014 Augmented Human International Conference
2014-03-07
p.15
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: We demonstrate how information about eye blink frequency and head motion
patterns derived from Google Glass sensors can be used to distinguish different
types of high level activities. While it is well known that eye blink frequency
is correlated with user activity, our aim is to show that (1) eye blink
frequency data from an unobtrusive, commercial platform which is not a
dedicated eye tracker is good enough to be useful and (2) that adding head
motion patterns information significantly improves the recognition rates. The
method is evaluated on a data set from an experiment containing five activity
classes (reading, talking, watching TV, mathematical problem solving, and
sawing) of eight participants showing 67% recognition accuracy for eye blinking
only and 82% when extended with head motion patterns.
[5]
A mixed reality head-mounted text translation system using eye gaze input
Posters
/
Toyama, Takumi
/
Sonntag, Daniel
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Matsuda, Takahiro
/
Iwamura, Masakazu
/
Kise, Koichi
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Intelligent User
Interfaces
2014-02-24
v.1
p.329-334
© Copyright 2014 ACM
Summary: Efficient text recognition has recently been a challenge for augmented
reality systems. In this paper, we propose a system with the ability to provide
translations to the user in real-time. We use eye gaze for more intuitive and
efficient input for ubiquitous text reading and translation in head mounted
displays (HMDs). The eyes can be used to indicate regions of interest in text
documents and activate optical-character-recognition (OCR) and translation
functions. Visual feedback and navigation help in the interaction process, and
text snippets with translations from Japanese to English text snippets, are
presented in a see-through HMD. We focus on travelers who go to Japan and need
to read signs and propose two different gaze gestures for activating the OCR
text reading and translation function. We evaluate which type of gesture suits
our OCR scenario best. We also show that our gaze-based OCR method on the
extracted gaze regions provide faster access times to information than
traditional OCR approaches. Other benefits include that visual feedback of the
extracted text region can be given in real-time, the Japanese to English
translation can be presented in real-time, and the augmentation of the
synchronized and calibrated HMD in this mixed reality application are presented
at exact locations in the augmented user view to allow for dynamic text
translation management in head-up display systems.
[6]
Analysis and forecasting of trending topics in online media streams
Social dynamics
/
Althoff, Tim
/
Borth, Damian
/
Hees, Jörn
/
Dengel, Andreas
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Conference on Multimedia
2013-10-21
p.907-916
© Copyright 2013 ACM
Summary: Among the vast information available on the web, social media streams
capture what people currently pay attention to and how they feel about certain
topics. Awareness of such trending topics plays a crucial role in multimedia
systems such as trend aware recommendation and automatic vocabulary selection
for video concept detection systems. Correctly utilizing trending topics
requires a better understanding of their various characteristics in different
social media streams. To this end, we present the first comprehensive study
across three major online and social media streams, Twitter, Google, and
Wikipedia, covering thousands of trending topics during an observation period
of an entire year. Our results indicate that depending on one's requirements
one does not necessarily have to turn to Twitter for information about current
events and that some media streams strongly emphasize content of specific
categories. As our second key contribution, we further present a novel approach
for the challenging task of forecasting the life cycle of trending topics in
the very moment they emerge. Our fully automated approach is based on a nearest
neighbor forecasting technique exploiting our assumption that semantically
similar topics exhibit similar behavior.
We demonstrate on a large-scale dataset of Wikipedia page view statistics
that forecasts by the proposed approach are about 9-48k views closer to the
actual viewing statistics compared to baseline methods and achieve a mean
average percentage error of 45-19% for time periods of up to 14 days.
[7]
Gaze guided object recognition using a head-mounted eye tracker
Gaze informed user interfaces
/
Toyama, Takumi
/
Kieninger, Thomas
/
Shafait, Faisal
/
Dengel, Andreas
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &
Applications
2012-03-28
p.91-98
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: Wearable eye trackers open up a large number of opportunities to cater for
the information needs of users in today's dynamic society. Users no longer have
to sit in front of a traditional desk-mounted eye tracker to benefit from the
direct feedback given by the eye tracker about users' interest. Instead, eye
tracking can be used as a ubiquitous interface in a real-world environment to
provide users with supporting information that they need. This paper presents a
novel application of intelligent interaction with the environment by combining
eye tracking technology with real-time object recognition. In this context we
present i) algorithms for guiding object recognition by using fixation points
ii) algorithms for generating evidence of users' gaze on particular objects
iii) building a next generation museum guide called Museum Guide 2.0 as a
prototype application of gaze-based information provision in a real-world
environment. We performed several experiments to evaluate our gaze-based object
recognition methods. Furthermore, we conducted a user study in the context of
Museum Guide 2.0 to evaluate the usability of the new gaze-based interface for
information provision. These results show that an enormous amount of potential
exists for using a wearable eye tracker as a human-environment interface.
[8]
A robust realtime reading-skimming classifier
Visual attention: studies, tools, methods
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Hees, Jörn
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Buscher, Georg
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &
Applications
2012-03-28
p.123-130
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: Distinguishing whether eye tracking data reflects reading or skimming
already proved to be of high analytical value. But with a potentially more
widespread usage of eye tracking systems at home, in the office or on the road
the amount of environmental and experimental control tends to decrease. This in
turn leads to an increase in eye tracking noise and inaccuracies which are
difficult to address with current reading detection algorithms. In this paper
we propose a method for constructing and training a classifier that is able to
robustly distinguish reading from skimming patterns. It operates in real time,
considering a window of saccades and computing features such as the average
forward speed and angularity. The algorithm inherently deals with distorted eye
tracking data and provides a robust, linear classification into the two classes
read and skimmed. It facilitates reaction times of 750ms on average, is
adjustable in its horizontal sensitivity and provides confidence values for its
classification results; it is also straightforward to implement. Trained on a
set of six users and evaluated on an independent test set of six different
users it achieved a 86% classification accuracy and it outperformed two other
methods.
[9]
Towards robust gaze-based objective quality measures for text
Eye tracking applications I
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Elshamy, Mostafa
/
Buscher, Georg
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &
Applications
2012-03-28
p.201-204
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: An increasing amount of text is being read digitally. In this paper we
explore how eye tracking devices can be used to aggregate reading data of many
readers in order to provide authors and editors with objective and implicitly
gathered quality feedback. We present a robust way to jointly evaluate the gaze
data of multiple readers, with respect to various reading-related features. We
conducted an experiment in which a group of high school students composed
essays subsequently read and rated by a group of seven other students.
Analyzing the recorded data, we find that the amount of regression targets, the
reading-to-skimming ratio, reading speed and reading count are the most
discriminative features to distinguish very comprehensible from barely
comprehensible text passages. By employing machine learning techniques, we are
able to classify the comprehensibility of text automatically with an overall
accuracy of 62%.
[10]
Universal eye-tracking based text cursor warping
Uses and applications
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Käding, Christoph
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &
Applications
2012-03-28
p.361-364
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: In this paper we present an approach to build an eye-tracking based text
cursor placement system. When triggered, the system employs a computer vision
based analysis of the screen's content around the current gaze position to find
the most likely designated gaze target. Eventually it synthesizes a mouse event
at that position, allowing for a rapid text cursor repositioning even in
applications which do not support eye tracking explicitly. For our system we
compared three different computer vision methods in a simulation run and
evaluated the best candidate in two double blinded user studies. We used a
total of 19 participants to assess the system's objective and perceived end
user speed up. We can demonstrate that in terms of reposition time the OCR
based method is superior to the other tested methods, it also beats common
keyboard-mouse interaction for some users. We conclude that while the tool was
almost universally preferred subjectively over keyboard-mouse interaction, the
highest speed can be achieved by using the right amount of eye tracking.
[11]
Reading and estimating gaze on smart phones
Uses and applications
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Vartan, Arman
Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &
Applications
2012-03-28
p.385-388
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: While lots of reading happens on mobile devices, little research has been
performed on how the reading-interaction actually takes place. Therefore we
describe our findings on a study conducted with 18 users which were asked to
read a number of texts while their touch and gaze data was being recorded. We
found three reader types and identified their preferred alignment of text on
the screen. Based on our findings we are able to computationally estimate the
reading area with an approximate .81 precision and .89 recall. Our computed
reading speed estimate has an average 10.9% wpm error in contrast to the
measured speed, and combining both techniques we can pinpoint the reading
location at a given time with an overall word error of 9.26 words, or about
three lines of text on our device.
[12]
Attentive documents: Eye tracking as implicit feedback for information
retrieval and beyond
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Elst, Ludger V.
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems
2012-01
v.1
n.2
p.9
© Copyright 2012 ACM
Summary: Reading is one of the most frequent activities of knowledge workers. Eye
tracking can provide information on what document parts users read, and how
they were read. This article aims at generating implicit relevance feedback
from eye movements that can be used for information retrieval personalization
and further applications.
We report the findings from two studies which examine the relation between
several eye movement measures and user-perceived relevance of read text
passages. The results show that the measures are generally noisy, but after
personalizing them we find clear relations between the measures and relevance.
In addition, the second study demonstrates the effect of using reading behavior
as implicit relevance feedback for personalizing search. The results indicate
that gaze-based feedback is very useful and can greatly improve the quality of
Web search. The article concludes with an outlook introducing attentive
documents keeping track of how users consume them. Based on eye movement
feedback, we describe a number of possible applications to make working with
documents more effective.
[13]
EDITED BOOK
Search Computing: Broadening Web Search
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7538
/
Ceri, Stefano
/
Brambilla, Marco
2012
n.16
p.254
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34213-4
== Extraction and Integration ==
Web Data Reconciliation: Models and Experiences (1-15)
+ Blanco, Lorenzo
+ Crescenzi, Valter
+ Merialdo, Paolo
+ Papotti, Paolo
A Domain Independent Framework for Extracting Linked Semantic Data from Tables (16-33)
+ Mulwad, Varish
+ Finin, Tim
+ Joshi, Anupam
Knowledge Extraction from Structured Sources (34-52)
+ Unbehauen, Jörg
+ Hellmann, Sebastian
+ Auer, Sören
+ Stadler, Claus
Extracting Information from Google Fusion Tables (53-67)
+ Brambilla, Marco
+ Ceri, Stefano
+ Cinefra, Nicola
+ Sarma, Anish Das
+ Forghieri, Fabio
+ et al
Materialization of Web Data Sources (68-81)
+ Bozzon, Alessandro
+ Ceri, Stefano
+ Zagorac, Srdan
== Query and Visualization Paradigms ==
Natural Language Interfaces to Data Services (82-97)
+ Guerrisi, Vincenzo
+ Torre, Pietro La
+ Quarteroni, Silvia
Mobile Multi-domain Search over Structured Web Data (98-110)
+ Aral, Atakan
+ Akin, Ilker Zafer
+ Brambilla, Marco
Clustering and Labeling of Multi-dimensional Mixed Structured Data (111-126)
+ Brambilla, Marco
+ Zanoni, Massimiliano
Visualizing Search Results: Engineering Visual Patterns Development for the Web (127-142)
+ Morales-Chaparro, Rober
+ Preciado, Juan Carlos
+ Sánchez-Figueroa, Fernando
== Exploring Linked Data ==
Extending SPARQL Algebra to Support Efficient Evaluation of Top-K SPARQL Queries (143-156)
+ Bozzon, Alessandro
+ Valle, Emanuele Della
+ Magliacane, Sara
Thematic Clustering and Exploration of Linked Data (157-175)
+ Castano, Silvana
+ Ferrara, Alfio
+ Montanelli, Stefano
Support for Reusable Explorations of Linked Data in the Semantic Web (176-190)
+ Cohen, Marcelo
+ Schwabe, Daniel
== Games, Social Search and Economics ==
A Survey on Proximity Measures for Social Networks (191-206)
+ Cohen, Sara
+ Kimelfeld, Benny
+ Koutrika, Georgia
Extending Search to Crowds: A Model-Driven Approach (207-222)
+ Bozzon, Alessandro
+ Brambilla, Marco
+ Ceri, Stefano
+ Mauri, Andrea
BetterRelations: Collecting Association Strengths for Linked Data Triples with a Game (223-239)
+ Hees, Jörn
+ Roth-Berghofer, Thomas
+ Biedert, Ralf
+ Adrian, Benjamin
+ Dengel, Andreas
An Incentive-Compatible Revenue-Sharing Mechanism for the Economic Sustainability of Multi-domain Search Based on Advertising (240-254)
+ Brambilla, Marco
+ Ceppi, Sofia
+ Gatti, Nicola
+ Gerding, Enrico H.
[14]
Eye tracking analysis of preferred reading regions on the screen
Work-in-progress, April 12-13
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Heinesch, Daniel
/
Dengel, Andreas
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2010-04-10
v.2
p.3307-3312
Keywords: eye tracking, mouse movements, reading, scrolling
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: We report on an exploratory study analyzing preferred reading regions on a
monitor using eye tracking. We show that users have individually preferred
reading regions, varying in location on the screen and in size. Furthermore, we
explore how scrolling interactions and mouse movements are correlated with
position and size of the individually preferred reading regions.
[15]
Text 2.0
Work-in-progress, April 14-15
/
Biedert, Ralf
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Schwarz, Sven
/
Hees, Jörn
/
Dengel, Andreas
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2010-04-10
v.2
p.4003-4008
Keywords: attentive text, eye tracking, reading
© Copyright 2010 ACM
Summary: We discuss the idea of text responsive to reading and argue that the
combination of eye tracking, text and real time interaction offers various
possibilities to enhance the reading experience. We present a number of
prototypes and applications facilitating the user's gaze in order to assist
comprehension difficulties and show their benefit in a preliminary evaluation.
[16]
Segment-level display time as implicit feedback: a comparison to eye
tracking
Expansion and feedback
/
Buscher, Georg
/
van Elst, Ludger
/
Dengel, Andreas
Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on
Research and Development in Information Retrieval
2009-07-19
p.67-74
Keywords: display time, eye tracking, implicit feedback, personalization
© Copyright 2009 ACM
Summary: We examine two basic sources for implicit relevance feedback on the segment
level for search personalization: eye tracking and display time. A controlled
study has been conducted where 32 participants had to view documents in front
of an eye tracker, query a search engine, and give explicit relevance ratings
for the results. We examined the performance of the basic implicit feedback
methods with respect to improved ranking and compared their performance to a
pseudo relevance feedback baseline on the segment level and the original
ranking of a Web search engine.
Our results show that feedback based on display time on the segment level is
much coarser than feedback from eye tracking. But surprisingly, for re-ranking
and query expansion it did work as well as eye-tracking-based feedback. All
behavior-based methods performed significantly better than our
non-behavior-based baseline and especially improved poor initial rankings of
the Web search engine.
The study shows that segment-level display time yields comparable results as
eye-tracking-based feedback. Thus, it should be considered in future
personalization systems as an inexpensive but precise method for implicit
feedback.
[17]
Query expansion using gaze-based feedback on the subdocument level
Query analysis & models: 1
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
van Elst, Ludger
Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on
Research and Development in Information Retrieval
2008-07-20
p.387-394
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: We examine the effect of incorporating gaze-based attention feedback from
the user on personalizing the search process. Employing eye tracking data, we
keep track of document parts the user read in some way. We use this information
on the subdocument level as implicit feedback for query expansion and
reranking.
We evaluated three different variants incorporating gaze data on the
subdocument level and compared them against a baseline based on context on the
document level. Our results show that considering reading behavior as feedback
yields powerful improvements of the search result accuracy of ca. 32% in the
general case. However, the extent of the improvements varies depending on the
internal structure of the viewed documents and the type of the current
information need.
[18]
Eye movements as implicit relevance feedback
Works in progress
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
van Elst, Ludger
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2008-04-05
v.2
p.2991-2996
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: Reading detection is an important step in the process of automatic relevance
feedback generation based on eye movements for information retrieval tasks. We
describe a reading detection algorithm and present a preliminary study to find
expressive eye movement measures.
[19]
Generating and using gaze-based document annotations
Works in progress
/
Buscher, Georg
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
van Elst, Ludger
/
Mittag, Florian
Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2008-04-05
v.2
p.3045-3050
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: In this paper we describe a prototypical system that is able to generate
document annotations based on eye movement data. Document parts can be
annotated as being read or skimmed. We further explain ideas how such
gaze-based document annotations could enhance document-centered office work in
the future.
[20]
Managing a document-based information space
Visualization
/
Deller, Matthias
/
Agne, Stefan
/
Ebert, Achim
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Hagen, Hans
/
Klein, Bertin
/
Bender, Michael
/
Bernardin, Tony
/
Hamann, Bernd
Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Intelligent User
Interfaces
2008-01-13
p.119-128
© Copyright 2008 ACM
Summary: We present a novel user interface in the form of a complementary virtual
environment for managing personal document archives, i.e., for document filing
and retrieval. Our implementation of a spatial medium for document interaction,
exploratory search and active navigation plays to the strengths of human visual
information processing and further stimulates it.
Our system provides a high degree of immersion so that the user readily
forgets the artificiality of our environment. Three well-integrated features
support this immersion: first, we enable users to interact more naturally
through gestures and postures (the system can be taught custom ones); second,
we exploit 3D display technology; and third, we allow users to manage
arrangements (manually edited structures, as well as computer-generated
semantic structures). Our ongoing evaluation indicates that even non-expert
users can efficiently work with the information in a document collection and
that the process can actually be enjoyable.
[21]
Human-centered interaction with documents
Regular contributions
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Agne, Stefan
/
Klein, Bertin
/
Ebert, Achim
/
Deller, Matthias
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM International Workshop on Human-Centered
Multimedia
2006-10-27
p.35-44
Keywords: 3D displays, 3D user interface, data glove, gesture recognition, immersion
© Copyright 2006 ACM
Summary: In this paper, we discuss a new user interface, a complementary environment
for the work with personal document archives, i.e. for document filing and
retrieval. We introduce our implementation of a spatial medium for document
interaction, explorative search and active navigation, which exploits and
further stimulates the human strengths of visual information processing. Our
system achieves a high degree of immersion of the user, so that he/she forgets
the artificiality of his/her environment. This is done by means of a tripartite
ensemble of allowing users to interact naturally with gestures and postures (as
an option gestures and postures can be individually taught to the system by
users), exploiting 3D technology, and supporting the user to maintain
structures he/she discovers, as well as provide computer calculated semantic
structures. Our ongoing evaluation shows that even non-expert users can
efficiently work with the information in a document collection, and have fun.
[22]
An Approach to Integrated Office Document Processing & Management
Posters
/
Mattos, Nelson M.
/
Mitschang, Bernhard
/
Dengel, Andreas
/
Bleisinger, Rainer
Proceedings of the Conference on Office Automation Systems
1990-04-25
p.118-122
© Copyright 1990 Association for Computing Machinery
Summary: We propose an approach towards an integrated document processing and
management system that has the intention to capture essentially freely
structured documents, like those typically used in the office domain. The
document analysis system ANASTASIL is capable to reveal the structure as well
as the contents of complex paper documents. Moreover, it facilitates the
handling of the containing information. Analyzed documents are stored in the
management system KRISYS that is connected to several different subsequent
services. The described system can be considered as an ideal extension of the
human clerk, making his tasks in information processing easier. The symbolic
representation of the analysis results allow an easy transformation in a given
international standard, e.g., ODA/ODIF or SGML, and to interchange it via
global network.
