hotauthor: carey_t* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] A survey of user-centered design practice Design Methods / Vredenburg, Karel / Mao, Ji-Ye / Smith, Paul W. / Carey, Tom Proceedings of ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2002-04-20 p.471-478

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This paper reports the results of a recent survey of user-centered design (UCD) practitioners. The survey involved over a hundred respondents who were CHI'2000 attendees or current UPA members. The paper identifies the most widely used methods and processes, the key factors that predict success, and the critical tradeoffs practitioners must make in applying UCD methods and processes. Results show that cost-benefit tradeoffs are a key consideration in the adoption of UCD methods. Measures of UCD effectiveness are lacking and rarely applied. There is also a major discrepancy between the commonly cited measures and the actually applied ones. These results have implications for the introduction, deployment, and execution of UCD projects.

[2] Commentary on "scenarios and task analysis" by Dan Diaper / Carey, Tom Interacting with Computers 2002 v.14 n.4 p.411-412

[3] Interactive narrative and knowledge stewardship Workshops / Carey, Tom / Vredenburg, Karel / Bizzocchi, Jim Proceedings of ACM CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2001-03-31 v.2 p.485-486

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This workshop will bring together a diverse set of participants to explore the use of interactive narrative for knowledge stewardship. Participants will bring existing or proposed interactive narratives for analysis and review. The workshop will also develop a draft research agenda linking various disciplinary perspectives.

[4] TeleCHI: an on-line community for HCI professionals Organization overviews: virtual worlds and virtual communities / Bringelson, Liwana S. / Carey, Tom Proceedings of ACM CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2000-04-01 v.2 p.229-230

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: This paper describes a new online community for HCI knowledge leaders across Canada. This community, TeleCHI, establishes a venue for experts and knowledge apprentices to network, practice and critique the tools and resources of HCI. TeleCHI events are discussed along with how this community is supported by a model for integrated telelearning communities.

[5] Design Evolution in a Multimedia Tutorial on User-Centered Design Remote Collaboration / Carey, Tom / Mitchell, Slade / Peerenboom, Dan / Lytwyn, Mary Proceedings of ACM CHI 98 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1998-04-18 v.1 p.109-116

Keywords: Training, HCI education, User-centered design, Multimedia, Interaction design

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: New modes of lifelong learning in the workplace require interface designs which support new contexts for learning. We describe here a workplace learning support system for instruction in User-centered Design [UCD]. The design evolution of this system illustrates how the "why, where, when and with whom" of use affects the "what and how" of the interaction design. The tutorial system includes a multimedia Case Study, a Methods Tour of UCD techniques, and a Test Drive in which users take simulated roles in a UCD project. This paper describes how the content and features were adapted as the target audience evolved from individual learners in a career curriculum to collaborative groups within a project team.

[6] Learning about User-Centered Design: A Multimedia Case Study Tutorial SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications / Carey, T. T. / Peerenboom, D. S. / Lytwyn, M. N. Proceedings of ACM CHI 97 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1997-03-22 v.2 p.267-268

Keywords: HCI education, Interactive multimedia, User-centred design

Link to ACM SIGCHI Conference Paper

Summary: This multimedia tutorial provides a learning support system for continuing education in HCI. The system includes an authentic case study of a design project, a guide to user-centred design concepts, active role-playing activities and links to the larger professional community.

[7] EDITED BOOK Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use Computers, Cognition, and Work / Moran, Thomas P. / Carroll, John M. 1996 p.496 Mahwah, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

ISBN: 0-8058-1567-8 (paper) 0-8058-1566-X (cloth)

Overview of Design Rationale
	+ Moran, Thomas P.
	+ Carroll, John M.
Part I: Different Perspectives of Design Rationale
	What's in Design Rationale?
		+ Lee, Jintae
		+ Lai, Kum-Yew
	Questions, Options, and Criteria: Elements of Design Space Analysis
		+ MacLean, Allan
		+ Young, Robert M.
		+ Bellotti, Victoria M. E.
		+ Moran, Thomas P.
	Deliberated Evolution: Stalking the View Matcher in Design Space
		+ Carroll, John M.
		+ Rosson, Mary Beth
	Problem-Centered Design for Expressiveness and Facility in a Graphical Programming System
		+ Lewis, Clayton
		+ Rieman, John
		+ Bell, B.
Part II: Empirical Studies of Design Rationale
	Analyzing the Usability of a Design Rationale Notation
		+ Shum, Simon Buckingham
	The Structure of Activity During Design Meetings
		+ Olson, Gary M.
		+ Olson, Judith S.
		+ Storrosten, M.
		+ Carter, M.
		+ Herbsleb, J.
		+ Rueter, H.
	Synthesis by Analysis: Five Modes of Reasoning that Guide Design
		+ Singley, Mark K.
		+ Carroll, John M.
Part III: Design Rationale Tools in Design Practice
	Making Argumentation Serve Design
		+ Fischer, Gerhard
		+ Lemke, A. C.
		+ McCall, R.
		+ Morch, Anders I.
	Supporting Software Design: Integrating Design Methods and Design Rationale
	Generative Design Rationale: Beyond the Record and Replay Paradigm
		+ Potts, C.
		+ Gruber, T. R.
		+ Russell, D. M.
Part IV: Using Design Rationale for Teaching
	Rationale in Practice: Templates for Capturing and Applying Design Experience
		+ Casaday, G.
	HCI Design Rationale as a Learning Resource
		+ Carey, Tom
		+ McKerlie, D.
		+ Wilson, J.
Part V: Design Rationale in Organizational Context
	A Process-Oriented Approach to Design Rationale
		+ Conklin, E. J.
		+ Burgess-Yakemovic, K-C.
	Organizational Innovation and the Articulation of the Design Space
		+ Sharrock, W.
		+ Anderson, R.
	Evaluating Opportunities for Design Capture
		+ Grudin, Jonathan

[8] Design Space Analysis as "Training Wheels" in a Framework for Learning User Interface Design Papers: Usability Analysis: From Research to Practice / van Aalst, J. W. / Carey, T. T. / McKerlie, D. L. Proceedings of ACM CHI'95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1995-05-07 v.1 p.154-161

Keywords: HCI education, Design space analysis, Design rationale, Design skills, Interactive multimedia

Link to ACM SIGCHI Conference Paper

Summary: Learning about design is a central component in education for human-computer interaction. We have found Design Space Analysis to be a useful technique for students learning user interface design skills. In the FLUID tool described here, we have combined explicit instruction on design, worked case studies, and problem exercises for learners, yielding an interactive multimedia system to be incorporated into an HCI design course. FLUID is intended as a "training wheels" for learning user interface design. In this paper, we address the question of how this form of teaching might mediate and extend the learning process and we present our observations on Design Space Analysis as a training wheels aid for learning user interface design.

[9] EDITED BOOK Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development / Carroll, John M. 1995 p.408 John Wiley & Sons

ISBN: 0-471-07659-7

Itroduction: The Scenario Perspective on System Development
	+ Carroll, John M.
1. Work Processes: Scenarios as a Preliminary Vocabulary
	+ Kuutti, K.
2. Notes on Design Practice: Stories and Prototypes as Catalysts for Communication
	+ Erickson, Tom
3. Scenarios in Discount Usability Engineering
	+ Nielsen, Jakob
4. Creating Contexts for Design
	+ Kyng, M.
5. Scenario Use in the Design of a Speech Recognition System
	+ Karat, John
6. Bifocal Tools for Scenarios and Representations in Participatory Activities with Users
	+ Muller, Michael
	+ Tudor, L. G.
	+ Wildman, D. M.
	+ White, E. A.
	+ Root, Robert W.
	+ Dayton, T.
	+ Carr, R.
	+ Diekmann, B.
	+ Dykstra-Erickson, E.
7. Usage Representations for Reuse of Design Insights: A Case Study of Access to On-Line Books
	+ Carey, T.
	+ Rusli, M.
8. Design Space Analysis and Use Representations
	+ MacLean, Allan
	+ McKerlie, D.
9. Rapid Prototyping of User Interfaces Driven by Task Models
	+ Johnson, P.
	+ Johnson, H.
	+ Wilson, S.
10. Narrowing the Specification-Implementation Gap in Scenario-Based Design
	+ Rosson, Mary Beth
	+ Carroll, John M.
11. Generating Object-Oriented Design Representations via Scenario Queries
	+ Robertson, S. P.
12. The Use-Case Construct in Object-Oriented Software Engineering
	+ Jacobson, I.
13. Designing Objects and Their Interactions: A Brief Look at Responsibility-Driven Design
	+ Wirfs-Brock, R.
14. Discussion: Scenarios as Engines of Design
	+ Mack, Robert L.
15. Some Reflections on Scenarios
	+ Nardi, Bonnie A.

[10] AUTHORED BOOK Human-Computer Interaction / Preece, Jenny / Rogers, Yvonne / Sharp, Helen / Benyon, David / Holland, Simon / Carey, Tom 1994 p.773 Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley Publishing

ISBN: 0-201-62769-8, OCLC 35598754

Review from SIGCHI Bulletin

I. INTRODUCTION (1)
1.	What is HCI? (3)
2.	Components of HCI (29)
Interview with Terry Winograd (53)
II. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: HUMANS (55)
Interview with Donald Norman (59)
3. Cognitive Frameworks for HCI (61)
4. Perception and Representation (75)
5. Attention and Memory Constraints (99)
6. Knowledge and Mental Models (123)
7. Interface Metaphors and Conceptual Models (141)
8. Learning in Context (155)
9. Social Aspects (173)
10. Organizational Aspects (185)
Interview with Marilyn Mantei (201)
III. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY (203)
Interview with Ben Shneiderman (207)
11. Input (211)
12. Output (237)
13. Interaction Styles (261)
14. Designing Window Systems (285)
15. User Support and On-Line Information (307)
16. Designing for Collaborative Work and Virtual Environments (325)
Interview with Roy Kalawsky (343)
IV. INTERACTION DESIGN: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES (345)
Interview with Tom Moran (349)
17. Principles of User-Centred Design (351)
18. Methods for User-Centred Design (371)
19. Requirements Gathering (383)
20. Task Analysis (409)
21. Structured HCI Design (431)
22. Envisioning Design (451)
V. INTERACTION DESIGN: SUPPORT FOR DESIGNERS (465)
Interview with Bill Verplank (467)
23. Supporting Design (469)
24. Guidelines: Principles and Rules (487)
25. Standards and Metrics (501)
26. Design Rationale (523)
27. Prototyping (537)
28. Software Support (565)
Interview with Deborah Hix (593)
VI. INTERACTION DESIGN: EVALUATION (595)
Interview with Brian Shackel (599)
29. The Role of Evaluation (601)
30. Usage Data: Observations, Monitoring, Users' Opinions (615)
31. Experiments and Benchmarking (641)
32. Interpretive Evaluation (657)
33. Predictive Evaluation (671)
34. Comparing Methods (691)
Glossary (709)
Solutions to Questions (725)
References (745)
Index (761)

[11] The Recognition of Concurrent Programming Plans by Novice and Expert Programmers: Implications for the Parsimony of the Plan Theory of Programming Expertise Posters / Shah, Vincent / Waddington, Ray / Carey, Tom / Buhr, Peter Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fifth Workshop 1993-12-03 p.229

Summary: The concept of programming plans has generated much discussion as to whether it adequately explains behavioural differences between novice and expert programmers. Experimental tools, such as PROUST, Bridge and UNIVERSE, have applied programming plans in different roles. However, most of the research in this area has been centered in the sequential programming paradigm. As a result, one can only speculate the extent of plan theory across different paradigms.
This study provides some insight into this matter by examining plans in concurrent programming. Rist's (1986) methodology was adapted to confirm the existence of a well-established set of plans that expert concurrent programmers had accumulated from their wealth of experience. The novice subjects were expected to slowly acquire these plans as they gained expertise over time. No evidence could be found to support these tendencies but a significant correlation was observed between concurrent plan recognition and academic performance. The findings from this study raise a number of questions about the extent and completeness of plan theory. It also provides a starting point for further research on concurrent programming behaviour that is aimed towards designing and developing effective concurrent programming tools and environments.

[12] Reusing User Interface Designs: Experiences with a Prototype Tool and High-Level Representations Tools and Techniques / Carey, T. T. / Ellis, M. S. / Rusli, M. Proceedings of the HCI'93 Conference on People and Computers VIII 1993-09-07 p.203-216

Keywords: Software reuse, Design rationale, User interface design, Toolkits

1 Introduction: Using a Reusable Interface Design Library
2 RIDL: A Prototype Interface Design Library
3 Usage-oriented Design Representations
4 Representing Usage Patterns for Interface Features
5 Conclusions and Future Work

Summary: A library of user interface design exemplars is being constructed to aid designers in learning from and reusing existing artifacts. Reuse concepts from software engineering have been applied to the design of the library. Experiments are underway to test usage-oriented design representations for incorporation in the library. Several scenarios of potential use are suggested.

[13] User Acceptance of Complementary Tables of Contents for Access to Online Information Short Papers (Posters): Help and Information Retrieval / Hunt, W. T. / Rintjema, L. / Carey, T. T. Proceedings of ACM INTERCHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems -- Adjunct Proceedings 1993-04-24 p.181-182

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: In previous research, we experimented with restructuring online information with multiple tables of contents [2]. The tables show the different, complementary relationships between units of information, much as hypertext links would do. The additional structure provided by the hierarchical nature of the tables gives conceptual overviews of the information and has potential for assisting user navigation [5]. For online technical information, we found that four complementary tables were needed, organising information by similar user tasks, by similar system objects and functions, and by conceptual prerequisites for under standing ("the following conditions apply to all examples in this chapter") [2].
We report here on two pilot studies which investigated how users would employ complementary tables of contents to access online information. We were concerned that users might experience difficulty in selecting a table for a particular information-seeking task, and therefore choose to consistently accessing through a single table. However, in both studies the results indicate that users will choose to employ complementary tables in tactical ways, fitting the particular information they are seeking and their own perspective on it.

[14] "Methods and Tools in User-Centred Design in Information Technology," edited by M. Galer, S. Harker, and J. Ziegler European Association for Cognitive Ergonomics: Book Reviews / Carey, Tom International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 1993 v.39 n.3 p.521-528

[15] EDITED BOOK Advances in Human-Computer Interaction Human/Computer Interaction Series / Hartson, H. Rex / Hix, Deborah 1993 v.4 n.8 p.304 Norwood, NJ Ablex Publishing Intellect

ISBN: 0-89391-934-9; ISSN: 0748-8602

www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hartson/hci4.htm

1	Sequential Experimentation in Human-Computer Interface Design (1-30)
	+ Williges, Robert C.
	+ Williges, Beverly H.
	+ Han, Sung H.
2	Extending the Task-Artifact Framework: Scenario-Based Design of Smalltalk Applications (31-57)
	+ Rosson, Mary Beth
	+ Carroll, John M.
3	User Modeling as Machine Identification: New Design Methods for HCI (58-86)
	+ Thimbleby, Harold
	+ Witten, Ian H.
4	Supporting Design Rationales in User Interface Toolkits (87-109)
	+ Carey, Tom
	+ Spall, Roger
5	State of the Art in User Interface Software Tools (110-150)
	+ Myers, Brad A.
6	Eye-Movement-Based Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: Toward Non-Command Interfaces (151-190)
	+ Jacob, Robert J. K.
7	Recognition-Based User Interfaces (191-250)
	+ Rhyne, James R.
	+ Wolf, Catherine G.
8	From Desktop Audio to Mobile Access: Opportunities for Voice in Computing (251-284)
	+ Schmandt, Christopher

[16] Prospects for Active Help in OnLine Documentation / Carey, Tom / Nonnecke, Blair / Mitterer, John ACM Tenth International Conference on Systems Documentation 1992-10-13 p.289-296

Broken Link to ACM Digital Library

Summary: We report results from an empirical study of how people access online technical documentation. The results are used to evaluate the concept of an active help system as an aid to improved access. The study showed that the differences amongst users limit the potential for active help, and that help in making tactical choices amongst access methods offers more promise for improved user access.

[17] REPORT / Hewett, Thomas T. / Baecker, Ronald / Card, Stuart / Carey, Tom / Gasen, Jean / Mantei, Marilyn / Perlman, Gary / Strong, Gary / Verplank, William / ACM SIGCHI Curriculum Development Group ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human Computer Interaction 1992 p.162 + iii New York ACM

ISBN: 0-89791-474-0; ACM Order Number 608920

Keywords: Education, Course development, Teaching

This publication is a report of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI) Curriculum Development Group.

old.sigchi.org/cdg/

1	Introduction
2	Human-Computer Interaction
3	Courses in HCI
4	HCI Curriculum Designs
5	Issues Raised by Our Recommendations
A	Resources for Human-Computer Interaction
B	An Information Systems Curriculum in Human-Computer Interaction
C	A Computer Science Undergraduate Specialization in Human-Computer Interaction
D	An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Specialization in Human-Computer Interaction
E	Example Course taught in HCI
F	Case Studies in Human-Computer Interaction

Summary: Definition from part 2: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.

[18] INTERNET ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction / Hewett, Thomas T. / Baecker, Ronald / Card, Stuart / Carey, Tom / Gasen, Jean / Mantei, Marilyn / Perlman, Gary / Strong, Gary / Verplank, William 1992

Keywords: education:resources | publications:acm_sigchi | education:acm_sigchi | education:1st_choice |

old.sigchi.org/cdg/

Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Human-Computer Interaction
Chapter 3: Courses in HCI
Chapter 4: HCI Curriculum Designs
Chapter 5: Issues Raised by Our Recommendations
References
Appendix A: Resources for Human-Computer Interaction
Appendix B: An Information Systems Curriculum in Human-Computer Interaction
Appendix C: A Computer Science Undergraduate Specialization in Human-Computer Interaction (User-centered System and Interface Design)
Appendix D: An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Specialization in Human-Computer Interaction
Appendix E: Example Course Taught in HCI
Appendix F: Case Studies in Human-Computer Interaction

Summary: Curricular recommendations from the SIGCHI Curriculum Development Group. Includes a definition and overview of HCI (chapter 2).

Summary: Definition from chapter 2: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.

[19] Communicating Human Factors Expertise Through Design Rationales and Scenarios Scenarios and Rationales in Design / Carey, Tom / McKerlie, Diane / Bubie, Walter / Wilson, James Proceedings of the HCI'91 Conference on People and Computers VI 1991-08-20 p.117-130

Keywords: Design rationale, User interfaces, Scenarios, Reasoning process

Summary: This paper discusses the preliminary results and ongoing work of a collaborative research project which investigates methods to communicate the Human-Computer Interaction expertise of a human factors consulting group in a large corporate setting. The objective of the project is to extend the contribution of the human factors group. Their existing direct consultation on user-interface design will be combined with new methods which allow the results of those consultations to be widely accessible. The current experiments focus on design rationales and scenarios for user interfaces as the methods for communicating the expertise.
In work to date, we have adapted previous research on design rationales for our new context of use. This has produced an enhanced format for recording and presenting design decisions and the reasoning process behind them. We have produced a prototype presentation system, seeded with design rationales from a large project with extensive involvement by the human factors group. This prototype is currently undergoing iterative test and refinement.
We have also developed a framework for access to this information, by product engineers working on user interfaces, using complementary tables of contents within a hypertext space. These paradigms, or ways of looking at a user interface design problem, are themselves an important component of HCI expertise.

[20] What Kind of Errors Do Unix Users Make? Foundations: Cognitive Ergonomics / Bradford, James H. / Murray, William D. / Carey, T. T. Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction 1990-08-27 p.43-46

Summary: This paper describes a large scale analysis of user error in the Unix environment. Over 300,000 commands were logged containing approximately 16,000 errors. The errors detected included various kinds of token entry problems, mode errors, keyboard errors and grammatical mistakes. The relative frequency of each type is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of a number of improvements that could be made to the Unix csh command interface.

[21] A Study of Measures for Research in Hypertext Navigation Foundations: Cognitive Ergonomics / Hendry, D. G. / Carey, T. T. / TeWinkel, S. T. Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction 1990-08-27 p.101-106

Summary: The research described here investigated the strategies people use to navigate a hypertext document in reading comprehension tasks. We present the results from experiments where people were initially instructed to browse and later to study a document containing expository information on 35 mm. cameras. The users interacted with the document through one of two presentation methods: traditional page sequences or access by hypertext links. A variety of measures were used to illuminate users' navigation strategies: Each of these measures contributes in a different way to our overall understanding of users' navigation (and raises additional questions).

[22] Roles for Tables of Contents as Hypertext Overviews Detailed Design: Hypermedia / Carey, T. T. / Hunt, W. T. / Lopez-Suarez, A. Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'90: Human-Computer Interaction 1990-08-27 p.581-586

Summary: Hypertext documents can provide increased access to information. However, users can experience disorientation as they jump between units in a document. This "lost in hypertext" phenomena is often thought of as a way-finding problem, to be solved by overviews of navigational structure. But we argue that it is often a problem of making sense of the document when the access sequence does not reflect its organizational structure, so that overviews must preserve and extend the user's organizational view.
The paper describes a prototype overview aid, TableView, for users of hypertext systems. Extensions to traditional tables of contents allow TableView to integrate several roles for hypertext navigation aids. We discuss application of TableView for an online help system, and future extensions to incorporate additional overview roles.

[23] Presenting a Graphical Network: A Comparison of Performance Using Fisheye and Scrolling Views Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems; Graphics / Hollands, J. G. / Carey, T. T. / Matthews, M. L. / McCann, C. A. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989-09-18 v.2 p.313-320

Summary: We have experimented with the impact of a fisheye view on graphical presentations for topographic networks. Subjects selected optimal routes between stations on a fictional subway network, using either a scrolling view or a fisheye view. Performance using a fisheye view was superior when the destination station was not visible in the initial display; performance with scrolling was superior when both stations were visible and when more complex itineraries were required. Scrolling performance improved over time with two-station routes; the fisheye performance improved in the (later) itinerary task.

[24] Experimental Implementation Techniques for User Interface Adaptation Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems; Dialogue Design / Carey, T. T. / Borr, A. H. / Graham, C. H. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989-09-18 v.2 p.526-532

Summary: We are currently studying two new techniques for implementation of user interfaces. One experimental implementation provides UI designers with a design toolkit using actors, allowing dynamic delegation of interface behaviours. The actors are defined in a frame-based structure which permits a flexible delegation scheme. We illustrate how this flexibility can be used to potential advantage in adaptive interfaces.
The second technique, active data distribution, is being developed for use in a distributed processing environment. A typical target situation would have a personal workstation providing user interface facilities, for access to a data server through a network connection. When access to the data causes delays in interaction, the user interface can anticipate requests and pre-fetch data, using a task model to adapt its data distribution strategy. Our experiments, run using a computer conferencing system as the host application, demonstrate the improvements in response times possible with this technique, and also some of the limitations it imposes.

[25] Position Paper: The Basic HCI Course for Software Engineers / Carey, Tom ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 1989 v.20 n.3 p.14-15