hotauthor: asakawa_c* : Human-Computer Interaction Bibliography Search

[1] Exploring Interface Design for Independent Navigation by People with Visual Impairments Poster Session 2 / Brady, Erin L. / Sato, Daisuke / Ruan, Chengxiong / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Seventeenth International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility 2015-10-26 p.387-388

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Most user studies of navigation applications for people with visual impairments have been limited by existing localization technologies, and appropriate instruction types and information needs have been determined through interviews. Using Wizard-of-Oz navigation interfaces, we explored how people with visual impairments respond to different instruction intervals, precision, output modalities, and landmark use during in situ navigation tasks. We present the results of an experimental study with nine people with visual impairments, and provide direction and open questions for future work on adaptive navigation interfaces.

[2] Can a blind person understand your world? After dinner "William Loughborough" speech / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of the 2014 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) 2014-04-07 p.24

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Computers have changed the lives of blind people by allowing us to access vast amounts of information on the net. Now we can read daily newspapers, hear digital textbooks, shop for goods online, and join online social networks. However, "sensing the surrounding real world" is still challenging for such tasks as checking the colors of merchandise, responding to street signs, or recognizing smiling faces. Driving a car is still one of the largest challenges, but technology is continually breaking new ground. The expansion of online data is now pushing machine learning techniques and crowd sourcing methods, which together enable blind people to understand ever more about the real world. Just as importantly, these same technologies can help sighted people better understand the world, too. We have entered an era of assisted cognition, not only for persons with disabilities, but for everyone. In this talk, I will offer predictions about near-future possibilities and discuss how these technologies can change our lives.

[3] Age-Based Task Specialization for Crowdsourced Proofreading Age-Related Issues / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Ishihara, Tatsuya / Itoko, Toshinari / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko UAHCI 2013: 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, Part II: User and Context Diversity 2013-07-21 v.2 p.104-112

Keywords: Accessibility; Micro-tasks; Crowdsourcing; Collaboration; Elderly; Intergenerational Communications

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Crowdsourcing can efficiently produce accessible digital books for people with print disabilities. However, particularly in Japan, the proofreading step tends to be expensive because of language-related issues. The elderly population is a promising source of proofreaders. Our surveys found that they have strong linguistic skills and want to contribute to society. So why do they rarely participate in Internet-based work scenarios such as crowdsourcing? We introduce a collaborative crowdsourcing model that aims to fully utilize the linguistic skills of the elderly by encouraging younger people to support the elderly in overcoming their limited technical skills. We decompose each proofreading task into several types of sub-tasks, where some tasks require more linguistic skills while the other tasks need more technical skills, so that the linguistic and technical tasks can be distributed to older and younger participants, respectively. We also discuss other scenarios that may be suitable for such multi-generational crowdsourcing model.

[4] How Unfamiliar Words in Smartphone Manuals Affect Senior Citizens Access to Mobile Interaction / Ishihara, Tatsuya / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko UAHCI 2013: 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, Part III: Applications and Services for Quality of Life 2013-07-21 v.3 p.636-642

Keywords: Word familiarity; text readability; ageing; smartphone

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Elderly people are motivated to continue working, but may have difficulties working in full-time jobs and need flexible working styles to compensate for their declining physical abilities. ICT can help support flexible working styles by enhancing communication between people in distant places. Smartphones offer various features for communication and information gathering, thus creating more opportunities to work. However, smartphone adoption has been slow for the elderly. One of the reasons is that elderly people have lower familiarity with computer terminology and therefore find the manuals difficult to understand. In this study, we investigated factors that make smartphone manuals hard to understand. We first asked elderly people about their familiarity with words found in smartphone manuals. Our second survey asked about sentences extracted from the smartphone manuals. By analyzing these results, we found that the comprehension was highly correlated with their familiarity with the specialized vocabulary.

[5] Accessible photo album: enhancing the photo sharing experience for people with visual impairment Papers: design for the blind / Harada, Susumu / Sato, Daisuke / Adams, Dustin W. / Kurniawan, Sri / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of ACM CHI 2013 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2013-04-27 v.1 p.2127-2136

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: While a photograph is a visual artifact, studies reveal that a number of people with visual impairments are also interested in being able to share their memories and experiences with their sighted counterparts in the form of a photograph. We conducted an online survey to better understand the challenges faced by people with visual impairments in sharing and organizing photos, and reviewed existing tools and their limitations. Based on our analysis, we developed an accessible mobile application that enables a visually impaired user to capture photos along with audio recordings for the ambient sound and memo description and to browse through them eyes-free. Five visually impaired participants took part in a study in which they used our app to take photographs in naturalistic settings and to share them later with a sighted viewer. The participants were able to use our app to identify each photograph on their own during the photo sharing session, and reported high satisfaction in having been able to take the initiative during the process.

[6] Lessons Learned from Crowd Accessibility Services Designing for Inclusiveness I / Takagi, Hironobu / Harada, Susumu / Sato, Daisuke / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'13: Human-Computer Interaction-1 2013 v.1 p.587-604

Keywords: Crowd-sourcing; accessibility; digital book; captioning; Web accessibility

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Crowd accessibility services for people with disabilities, driven by crowd-sourcing methods, are gaining traction as a viable means of realizing innovative services by leveraging both human and machine intelligence. As the approach matures, researchers and practitioners are seeking to build various types of services. However, many of them encounter similar challenges, such as variations in quality and sustaining contributor participation for durable services. There are growing needs to share tangible knowledge about the best practices to help build and maintain successful services. Towards this end, we are sharing our experiences with crowd accessibility services that we have deployed and studied. Initially, we developed a method to analyze the dynamics of contributor participation. We then analyzed the actual data from three service deployments spanning several years. The service types included Web accessibility improvement, text digitization, and video captioning. We then summarize the lessons learned and future research directions for sustainable services.

[7] Question-Answer Cards for an Inclusive Micro-tasking Framework for the Elderly Seniors and Usability / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Ishihara, Tatsuya / Kosugi, Akihiro / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'13: Human-Computer Interaction-3 2013 v.3 p.590-607

Keywords: Micro-Tasks; Gamification; Skill Assessment; Ageing; Elderly; Senior Workforce

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Micro-tasking (e.g., crowdsourcing) has the potential to help "long-tail" senior workers utilize their knowledge and experience to contribute to their communities. However, their limited ICT skills and their concerns about new technologies can prevent them from participating in emerging work scenarios. We have devised a question-answer card interface to allow the elderly to participate in micro-tasks with minimal ICT skills and learning efforts. Our survey identified a need for skill-based task recommendations, so we also added a probabilistic skill assessment model based on the results of the micro-tasks. We also discuss some scenarios to exploit the question-answer card framework to create new work opportunities for senior citizens. Our experiments showed that untrained seniors performed the micro-tasks effectively with our interface in both controlled and realistic conditions, and the differences in their skills were reliably assessed.

[8] Characteristics of Elderly User Behavior on Mobile Multi-touch Devices User Preferences and Behaviour / Harada, Susumu / Sato, Daisuke / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'13: Human-Computer Interaction-4 2013 v.4 p.323-341

Keywords: Mobile; Multi-touch; Smartphones; Tablet; Aging; Elderly

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Smartphones and tablet devices have been rapidly proliferating, and multi-touch interaction, powerful processors and rich array of sensors make these devices an attractive service platform for older users. While there is an increasing number of work investigating the issues that elderly users experience through their interaction with mobile devices, most have focused either on evaluation of low-level interaction characteristics or on qualitative survey. Therefore, we conducted a user study with 21 elderly participants to analyze the needs and issues faced by this user group under naturalistic usage scenarios. Specifically, we interviewed each participant about their experiences, had them perform various practical tasks using our custom testing application, and analyzed the operation logs using our custom visualizations. Based on our results, we summarize the types of issues observed, present design considerations for the applications studied, and future research directions.

[9] How voice augmentation supports elderly web users Web accessibility / Sato, Daisuke / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko / Tanaka, Jiro Thirteenth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2011-10-24 p.155-162

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Online Web applications have become widespread and have made our daily life more convenient. However, older adults often find such applications inaccessible because of age-related changes to their physical and cognitive abilities. Two of the reasons that older adults may shy away from the Web are fears of the unknown and of the consequences of incorrect actions. We are extending a voice-based augmentation technique originally developed for blind users. We want to reduce the cognitive load on older adults by providing contextual support. An experiment was conducted to evaluate how voice augmentation can support elderly users in using Web applications. Ten older adults participated in our study and their subjective evaluations showed how the system gave them confidence in completing Web forms. We believe that voice augmentation may help address the users' concerns arising from their low confidence levels.

[10] Elderly User Evaluation of Mobile Touchscreen Interactions Accessibility II / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Hiyama, Atsushi / Miura, Takahiro / Asakawa, Chieko / Hirose, Michitaka / Ifukube, Tohru Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'11: Human-Computer Interaction 2011-09-05 v.1 p.83-99

Keywords: Mobile; Smartphones; Touchscreens; Gestures; Aging; Elderly; Senior Citizens; User Evaluation

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: Smartphones with touchscreen-based interfaces are increasingly used by non-technical groups including the elderly. However, application developers have little understanding of how senior users interact with their products and of how to design senior-friendly interfaces. As an initial study to assess standard mobile touchscreen interfaces for the elderly, we conducted performance measurements and observational evaluations of 20 elderly participants. The tasks included performing basic gestures such as taps, drags, and pinching motions and using basic interactive components such as software keyboards and photo viewers. We found that mobile touchscreens were generally easy for the elderly to use and a week's experience generally improved their proficiency. However, careful observations identified several typical problems that should be addressed in future interfaces. We discuss the implications of our experiments, seeking to provide informal guidelines for application developers to design better interfaces for elderly people.

[11] Sasayaki: augmented voice web browsing experience Sound interactions / Sato, Daisuke / Zhu, Shaojian / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of ACM CHI 2011 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2011-05-07 v.1 p.2769-2778

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Auditory user interfaces have great Web-access potential for billions of people with visual impairments, with limited literacy, who are driving, or who are otherwise unable to use a visual interface. However a sequential speech-based representation can only convey a limited amount of information. In addition, typical auditory user interfaces lose the visual cues such as text styles and page structures, and lack effective feedback about the current focus. To address these limitations, we created Sasayaki (from whisper in Japanese), which augments the primary voice output with a secondary whisper of contextually relevant information, automatically or in response to user requests. It also offers new ways to jump to semantically meaningful locations. A prototype was implemented as a plug-in for an auditory Web browser. Our experimental results show that the Sasayaki can reduce the task completion times for finding elements in webpages and increase satisfaction and confidence.

[12] On the audio representation of radial direction Sound interactions / Harada, Susumu / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of ACM CHI 2011 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2011-05-07 v.1 p.2779-2788

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: We present and evaluate an approach towards eyes-free auditory display of spatial information that considers radial direction as a fundamental type of value primitive. There are many benefits to being able to sonify radial directions, such as indicating the heading towards a point of interest in a direct and dynamic manner, rendering a path or shape outline by sonifying a continual sequence of tangent directions as the path is traced, and providing direct feedback of the direction of motion of the user in a physical space or a pointer in a virtual space. We propose a concrete mapping of vowel-like sounds to radial directions as one potential method to enable sonification of such information. We conducted a longitudinal study with five sighted and two blind participants to evaluate the learnability and effectiveness of this method. Results suggest that our directional sound mapping can be learned within a few hours and be used to aurally perceive spatial information such as shape outlines and path contours.

[13] Are synthesized video descriptions acceptable? Communication / Kobayashi, Masatomo / O'Connell, Trisha / Gould, Bryan / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Twelfth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2010-10-25 p.163-170

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: We conducted a series of experiments to assess the feasibility of synthesized narrations to describe online videos. To reduce the cultural bias, we included adult blind or low-vision participants from Japan and the U.S. in the main study. Our research also includes a follow-up study we conducted in Japan to assess the effectiveness of synthesized video descriptions in realistic situations. The results showed that synthesized video descriptions were generally accepted in both countries. We also found that appropriate technology support allowed a novice describer to make effective video descriptions. Based on these results, we discuss the implications for developing a technology platform for describing online videos.

[14] Sasayaki: an augmented voice-based web browsing experience Posters and Demonstrations / Zhu, Shaojian / Sato, Daisuke / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Twelfth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2010-10-25 p.279-280

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: While the usability of voice-based Web navigation has been steadily improving, it is still not as easy for users with visual impairments as it is for sighted users. One reason is that sequential voice representation can only convey a limited amount of information at a time. Another challenge comes from the fact that current voice browsers omit various visual cues such as text styles and page structures, and lack meaningful feedback about the current focus. To address these issues, we created Sasayaki, an intelligent voice-based user agent that augments the primary voice output of a voice browser with a secondary voice that whispers contextually relevant information as appropriate or in response to user requests. A prototype has been implemented as a plug-in for a voice browser. The results from a pilot study show that our Sasayaki agent is able to improve users' information search task time and their overall confidence level. We believe that our intelligent voice-based agent has great potential to enrich the Web browsing experiences of users with visual impairments.

[15] Exploratory Analysis of Collaborative Web Accessibility Improvement / Sato, Daisuke / Takagi, Hironobu / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Kawanaka, Shinya / Asakawa, Chieko ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing 2010-10 v.3 n.2 p.5

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: The Web is becoming a platform for daily activities and is expanding the opportunities for collaboration among people all over the world. The effects of these innovations are seen not only in major Web services such as wikis and social networking services but also in accessibility services. Collaborative accessibility improvement has great potential to make the Web more adaptive. Screen reader users, developers, site owners, and any Web volunteers who want to help the users are invited into the activities to improve accessibility in a timely manner. The Social Accessibility Project is an experimental service for a new needs-driven improvement model based on collaborative metadata authoring technologies. In 20 months, about 19,000 pieces of metadata were created for more than 3,000 Web pages through collaboration based on 355 requests submitted from users. We encountered many challenges as we sought to create a new mainstream approach and created distinctive features in new user interfaces to address some of these challenges. Although the new features increased user participation, serious issues remain. The productivity of the volunteers exceeded our expectations, but we found large and important problems in the users' lack of awareness of their own accessibility problems. This is a critical problem for sustaining the active use of the service, because about 70% of the improvement starts with a request from a user. Helping users with visual impairments understand the actual issues is a crucial and challenging topic, and will lead to improved accessibility. We first introduce examples of collaboration, analyze several kinds of statistics on the activities of the users and volunteers of the pilot service, and then discuss our findings and challenges. Five future foci are considered: site-wide metadata authoring, encouraging active participation by users, quality management for the created metadata, metadata for dynamic HTML applications, and collaborations with site owners.

[16] Social accessibility: the challenge of improving web accessibility through collaboration Web accessibility challenge / Sato, Daisuke / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) 2010-04-26 p.28

Keywords: accessibility, crowd sourcing, social computing, web

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: There are billions of people who face problems in accessing webpages, including people with disabilities, elderly people, and illiterate people in developing countries. The needs for accessible webpages have become too broad to be left only to Web developers. The wisdom of crowds has become part of a key strategy to combine various skills and knowledge into a community that can address the needs for accessibility. Social Accessibility is one such project for visually impaired people, which has been operating for more than a year, producing findings and new challenges. Based on our experiences, the collaborative approach can work well and be expanded for people with other problems such as poor hearing, aged eyes, and reading problems.

[17] Collaborative web accessibility improvement: challenges and possibilities Web accessibility II / Takagi, Hironobu / Kawanaka, Shinya / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Sato, Daisuke / Asakawa, Chieko Eleventh Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2009-10-26 p.195-202

Keywords: accessibility, collaboration, metadata, social computing, web

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Collaborative accessibility improvement has great potential to make the Web more adaptive in a timely manner by inviting users into the improvement process. The Social Accessibility Project is an experimental service for a new needs-driven improvement model based on collaborative metadata authoring technologies. In 10 months, about 18,000 pieces of metadata were created for 2,930 webpages through collaboration. We encountered many challenges as we sought to create a new mainstream approach. The productivity of the volunteer activities exceeded our expectation, but we found large and important problems in the screen reader users' lack of awareness of their own accessibility problems. In this paper, we first introduce examples, analyze some statistics from the pilot service and then discuss our findings and challenges. Three future directions including site-wide authoring are considered.

[18] Providing synthesized audio description for online videos Posters and system demonstrations / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Fukuda, Kentarou / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Eleventh Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2009-10-26 p.249-250

Keywords: audio description, external metadata, online videos, speech synthesis, text-to-speech (tts), web accessibility

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: We describe an initial attempt to develop a common platform for adding an audio description (AD) to an online video so that blind and visually impaired people can enjoy such material. A speech synthesis technology allows content providers to offer the AD at minimal cost. We exploit external metadata so that the AD can be independent of the video format. The external approach also allows external supporters to add ADs to any online videos. Our technology includes an authoring tool for writing AD scripts, a Web browser add-on for synthesizing ADs synchronized with original videos, and a text-based format to exchange AD scripts.

[19] What's Next? A Visual Editor for Correcting Reading Order HCI and Web Applications 1 / Sato, Daisuke / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT'09: Human-Computer Interaction 2009-08-24 v.1 p.364-377

Keywords: Reading flow; reading order; Web accessibility; ARIA flowto

Link to Digital Content at Springer

Summary: The reading order, i.e. the serialized form, of the webpage should be a meaningful order for alternative representations such as the audible forms needed for visually impaired users. However, the serialized form rarely receives attention because it is visually elusive for authors using the existing WISIWYG authoring environments. Therefore we propose a new visualization technique called "reading flow" that visualizes the order of the serialized form with variable granularity by using a visible path extending through the elements in the content. This allows the authors to instantly evaluate the ordering by the visual pattern of the path. Our approach also allows them to interactively and intuitively reorganize the order of the serialized form. The results of two comparative experiments show that our reading flow greatly increases the ability of the authors to understand and organize the ordering compared to the existing techniques.

[20] EDITED BOOK The Universal Access Handbook 2009 n.61 p.1034 CRC Press

ISBN: 978-1-4200-6499-5

www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780805862805

== Introduction to Universal Access ==
Universal Access and Design for All in the Evolving Information Society
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Perspectives on Accessibility: From Assistive Technologies to Universal Access and Design for All
	+ Emiliani, P. L.
Accessible and Usable Design of Information and Communication Technologies
	+ Vanderheiden, G. C.
== Diversity in the User Population ==
Dimensions of User Diversity
	+ Ashok, M.
	+ Jacko, J. A.
Motor Impairments and Universal Access
	+ Keates, S.
Sensory Impairments
	+ Kinzel, E.
	+ Jacko, J. A.
Cognitive Disabilities
	+ Lewis, C.
Age-Related Diff erences in the Interface Design Process
	+ Kurniawan, S.
International and Intercultural User Interfaces
	+ Marcus, A.
	+ Rau, P.-L. P.
== Technologies for Diverse Contexts of Use ==
Accessing the Web
	+ Hanson, V. L.
	+ Richards, J. T.
	+ Harper, S.
	+ Trewin, S.
Handheld Devices and Mobile Phones
	+ Kaikkonen, A.
	+ Kaasinen, E.
	+ Ketola, P.
Virtual Reality
	+ Hughes, D.
	+ Smith, E.
	+ Shumaker, R.
	+ Hughes, C.
Biometrics and Universal Access
	+ Fairhurst, M. C.
Interface Agents: Potential Benefits and Challenges for Universal Access
	+ and, E. André
M. Rehm
== Development Lifecycle of User Interfaces ==
User Requirements Elicitation for Universal Access
	+ Antona, M.
	+ Ntoa, S.
	+ Adami, I.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Unified Design for User Interface Adaptation
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Designing Universally Accessible Games
	+ Grammenos, D.
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Software Requirements for Inclusive User Interfaces
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Tools for Inclusive Design
	+ Waller, S.
	+ Clarkson, P. J.
The Evaluation of Accessibility, Usability, and User Experience
	+ Petrie, H.
	+ Bevan, N.
== User Interface Development: Architectures, Components, and Tools ==
A Unified Soft ware Architecture for User Interface Adaptation
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
A Decision-Making Specifi cation Language for User Interface Adaptation
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Methods and Tools for the Development of Unified Web-Based User Interfaces
	+ Doulgeraki, C.
	+ Partarakis, N.
	+ Mourouzis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
User Modeling: A Universal Access Perspective
	+ Adams, R.
Model-Based Tools: A User-Centered Design for All Approach
	+ Stary, C.
Markup Languages in Human-Computer Interaction
	+ Paternò, F.
	+ Santoro, C.
Abstract Interaction Objects in User Interface Programming Languages
	+ Savidis, A.
== Interaction Techniques and Devices ==
Screen Readers
	+ Asakawa, C.
	+ Leporini, B.
Virtual Mouse and Keyboards for Text Entry
	+ Evreinov, G.
Speech Input to Support Universal Access
	+ Feng, J.
	+ Sears, A.
Natural Language and Dialogue Interfaces
	+ Jokinen, K.
Auditory Interfaces and Sonification
	+ Nees, M. A.
	+ Walker, B. N.
Haptic Interaction
	+ Jansson, G.
	+ Raisamo, R.
Vision-Based Hand Gesture Recognition for Human-Computer Interaction
	+ Zabulis, X.
	+ Baltzakis, H.
	+ Argyros, A.
Automatic Hierarchical Scanning for Windows Applications
	+ Ntoa, S.
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Eye Tracking
	+ Majaranta, P.
	+ Bates, R.
	+ Donegan, M.
Brain-Body Interfaces
	+ Gnanayutham, P.
	+ George, J.
Sign Language in the Interface: Access for Deaf Signers
	+ Huenerfauth, M.
	+ Hanson, V. L.
Visible Language for Global Mobile Communication: A Case Study of a Design Project in Progress
	+ Marcus, A.
Contributions of "Ambient" Multimodality to Universal Access
	+ Carbonell, N.
== Application Domains ==
Vocal Interfaces in Supporting and Enhancing Accessibility in Digital Libraries
	+ Catarci, T.
	+ Kimani, S.
	+ Dubinsky, Y.
	+ Gabrielli, S.
Theories and Methods for Studying Online Communities for People with Disabilities and Older People
	+ Pfeil, U.
	+ Zaphiris, P.
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
	+ Gross, T.
	+ Fetter, M.
Developing Inclusive e-Training
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Training through Entertainment for Learning Difficulties
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Grammenos, D.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Universal Access to Multimedia Documents
	+ Petrie, H.
	+ Weber, G.
	+ Völkel, T.
Interpersonal Communication
	+ Waller, A.
Universal Access in Public Terminals: Information Kiosks and ATMs
	+ Kouroupetroglou, G.
Intelligent Mobility and Transportation for All
	+ Bekiaris, E.
	+ Panou, M.
	+ Gaitanidou, E.
	+ Mourouzis, A.
	+ Ringbauer, B.
Electronic Educational Books for Blind Students
	+ Grammenos, D.
	+ Savidis, A.
	+ Georgalis, Y.
	+ Bourdenas, T.
	+ Stephanidis, C.
Mathematics and Accessibility: A Survey
	+ Pontelli, E.
	+ Karshmer, A. I.
	+ Gupta, G.
Cybertherapy, Cyberpsychology, and the Use of Virtual Reality in Mental Health
	+ Renaud, P.
	+ Bouchard, S.
	+ Chartier, S.
	+ Bonin, M-P
== Nontechnological Issues ==
Policy and Legislation as a Framework of Accessibility
	+ Kemppainen, E.
	+ Kemp, J. D.
	+ Yamada, H.
Standards and Guidelines
	+ Vanderheiden, G. C.
eAccessibility Standardization
	+ Engelen, J.
Management of Design for All
	+ Bühler, C.
Security and Privacy for Universal Access
	+ Maybury, M. T.
Best Practice in Design for All
	+ Miesenberger, K.
== Looking to the Future ==
Implicit Interaction
	+ Ferscha, A.
Ambient Intelligence
	+ Streitz, N. A.
	+ Privat, G.
Emerging Challenges
	+ Stephanidis, C.

[21] Accessibility commons: a metadata infrastructure for web accessibility Web accessibility / Kawanaka, Shinya / Borodin, Yevgen / Bigham, Jeffrey P. / Lunn, Darren / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Tenth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2008-10-13 p.153-160

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Research projects, assistive technology, and individuals all create metadata in order to improve Web accessibility for visually impaired users. However, since these projects are disconnected from one another, this metadata is isolated in separate tools, stored in disparate repositories, and represented in incompatible formats. Web accessibility could be greatly improved if these individual contributions were merged. An integration method will serve as the bridge between future academic research projects and end users, enabling new technologies to reach end users more quickly. Therefore we introduce Accessibility Commons, a common infrastructure to integrate, store, and share metadata designed to improve Web accessibility. We explore existing tools to show how the metadata that they produce could be integrated into this common infrastructure, we present the design decisions made in order to help ensure that our common repository will remain relevant in the future as new metadata is developed, and we discuss how the common infrastructure component facilitates our broader social approach to improving accessibility.

[22] Social accessibility: achieving accessibility through collaborative metadata authoring Collaborative accessibility / Takagi, Hironobu / Kawanaka, Shinya / Kobayashi, Masatomo / Itoh, Takashi / Asakawa, Chieko Tenth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2008-10-13 p.193-200

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Web content is under the control of site owners, and therefore the site owners have the responsibility to make their content accessible. This is a basic assumption of Web accessibility. Users who want access to inaccessible content must ask the site owners for help. However, the process is slow and too often the need is mooted before the content becomes accessible. Social Accessibility is an approach to drastically reduce the burden on site owners and to shorten the time to provide accessible Web content by allowing volunteers worldwide to -- renovate' any webpage on the Internet. Users encountering Web access problems anywhere at any time will be able to immediately report the problems to a social computing service. Volunteers can be quickly notified, and they can easily respond by creating and publishing the requested accessibility metadata -- also helping any other users who encounter the same problems. Site owners can learn about the methods for future accessibility renovations based on the volunteers' external metadata. There are two key technologies to enable this process, the external metadata that allows volunteers to annotate existing Web content, and the social computing service that supports the collaborative renovations. In this paper, we will first review previous approaches, and then propose the Social Accessibility approach. The scenario, implementation, and results of a pilot service are introduced, followed by discussion of future directions.

[23] EDITED BOOK Web Accessibility: A Foundation for Research Human-Computer Interaction Series / Harper, Simon / Yesilada, Yeliz 2008 n.21 p.355 Springer London

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-050-6

ISBN: 978-1-84800-049-0 (print), 978-1-84800-050-6 (online)

Link to Digital Content at Springer

== Understanding Disabilities ==
Visual Impairments (3-13)
	+ Barreto, A.
Cognitive and Learning Impairments (15-23)
	+ Lewis, Clayton
Hearing Impairments (25-35)
	+ Cavender, Anna
	+ Ladner, Richard E.
Physical Impairment (37-46)
	+ Trewin, Shari
Ageing (47-58)
	+ Kurniawan, Sri H.
== Evaluation and Methodologies ==
Web Accessibility and Guidelines (61-78)
	+ Harper, Simon
	+ Yesilada, Yeliz
Web Accessibility Evaluation (79-106)
	+ Abou-Zahra, Shadi
End User Evaluations (107-126)
	+ Jay, Caroline
	+ Lunn, Darren
	+ Michailidou, Eleni
Authoring Tools (127-138)
	+ Treviranus, Jutta
== Applications ==
Assistive Technologies (142-162)
	+ Edwards, Alistair D. N.
Desktop Browsers (163-193)
	+ Gunderson, Jon
Specialized Browsers (195-213)
	+ Raman, T. V.
Browser Augmentation (215-229)
	+ Hanson, Vicki L.
	+ Richards, John T.
	+ Swart, Cal
Transcoding (231-260)
	+ Asakawa, Chieko
	+ Takagi, Hironobu
== Specialised Areas ==
Education (263-271)
	+ Salomoni, Paola
	+ Mirri, Silvia
	+ Ferretti, Stefano
	+ Roccetti, Marco
Specialized Documents (274-285)
	+ Munson, Ethan V.
	+ Pimentel, Maria Graça da
Multimedia and Graphics (287-299)
	+ Regan, Bob
	+ Kirkpatrick, Andrew
Mobile Web and Accessibility (302-313)
	+ Hori, Masahiro
	+ Kato, Takashi
Semantic Web (315-330)
	+ Horrocks, Ian
	+ Bechhofer, Sean
Web 2.0 (331-343)
	+ Gibson, Becky
Universal Usability (346-355)
	+ Horton, Sarah
	+ Leventhal, Laura

[24] Automatic accessibility transcoding for flash content Web accessibility / Sato, Daisuke / Miyashita, Hisashi / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Ninth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2007-10-15 p.35-42

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: It is not surprising that rich Internet content, such as Flash and DHTML, is some of the most pervasive content because of its visual attractiveness to the sighted majority. Such visually rich content has been causing severe accessibility problems, especially for people with visual disabilities. For Flash content, the kinds of accessibility information necessary for screen readers is not usually provided in the existing content. A typical example of such missing data is the lack of alternative text for buttons, hypertext links, widget roles, and so on. One of the major reasons is that the current accessibility framework of Flash content imposes a burden on content authors to make their content accessible. As a result, adding support for accessibility tends to be neglected, and screen reader users are left out of the richer Internet experiences.
Therefore, we decided to develop an automatic accessibility transcoding system for Flash content to allow users to access a wider range of existing content, and to reduce the workload for content authors by using an automatic repair algorithm. It works as a client-side transcoding system based on the internal object model inside the Flash content. It adds and repairs accessibility information for existing Flash content, so screen readers can present more accessible information to users. Our experiment using the pilot system showed that 55% of the missing alternative texts for buttons in the tested websites could be added automatically.

[25] Aibrowser for multimedia: introducing multimedia content accessibility for visually impaired users Non-visual presentation of information / Miyashita, Hisashi / Sato, Daisuke / Takagi, Hironobu / Asakawa, Chieko Ninth Annual ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Assistive Technologies 2007-10-15 p.91-98

ACM Digital Library Link

Summary: Multimedia content with Rich Internet Applications using Dynamic HTML (DHTML) and Adobe Flash is now becoming popular in various websites. However, visually impaired users cannot deal with such content due to audio interference with the speech from screen readers and intricate structures strongly optimized for sighted users.
    We have been developing an Accessibility Internet Browser for Multimedia (aiBrowser) to address these problems. The browser has two novel features: non-visual multimedia audio controls and alternative user interfaces using external metadata. First, by using the aiBrowser, users can directly control the audio from the embedded media with fixed shortcut keys. Therefore, this allows blind users to increase or decrease the media volume, and pause or stop the media to handle conflicts between the audio of the media and the speech from the screen reader. Second, the aiBrowser can provide an alternative simplified user interface suitable for screen readers by using external metadata, which can even be applied to dynamic content such as DHTML and Flash.
    In this paper, we discuss accessibility problems with multimedia content due to streaming media and the dynamic changes in such content, and explain how the aiBrowser addresses these problems by describing non-visual multimedia audio controls and external metadata-based alternative user interfaces. The evaluation of the aiBrowser was conducted by comparing it to JAWS, one of the most popular screen readers, on three well known multimedia-content-intensive websites.
    The evaluation showed that the aiBrowser made the content that was inaccessible with JAWS relatively accessible by using the multimedia audio controls and alternative interfaces with metadata which included alternative text, heading information, and so on. It also drastically reduced the keystrokes for navigation with aiBrowser, which implies to improve the non-visual usability.