1. Introduction
2. A Review of Collaborative Authoring Tools
	+ Michailidis, Antonios
	+ Rada, Roy
3. Collaborative Authoring Dynamics
	+ Chen, Chaomei
	+ Rada, Roy
4. A Portrait of the Author as an Interacting Group
	+ Oravec, Jo Ann
5. Coordination and Reuse
	+ Rada, Roy
6. The Effectiveness of Simple Shared Electronic Workspaces
	+ Olson, Gary M.
	+ Olson, Judith S.
7. Computer-mediated Communication for Intellectual Teamwork: An Experiment in Group Writing
	+ Galegher, Jolene
	+ Kraut, Robert E.
8. Learning to Write Together
	+ Posner, Ilona
	+ Mitchell, Alex
	+ Baecker, Ronald
9. Flexible Diff-ing in a Collaborative Writing System
	+ Neuwirth, Christine M.
	+ Chandhok, Ravinder
	+ Kaufer, David S.
	+ Erion, Paul
	+ Morris, James
	+ Miller, Dale
10. Collaborative Writing with Synchronous and Asynchronous Support Environments
	+ Sasse, Martina Angela
	+ Handley, Mark James
11. Using Multimedia to Support Cooperative Editing
	+ Santos, A.
	+ Tritsch, B.
12. SEPIA: A Cooperative Hypermedia Authoring Environment
	+ Streitz, Norbert
	+ Haake, Jorg
	+ Hannemann, Jorg
	+ Lemke, Andreas
	+ Schuler, Wolfgang
	+ Schutt, Helge
	+ Thuring, Manfred
13. Structured and Distributed Cooperative Editing in a Large Scale Network
	+ Decouchant, Dominique
	+ Quint, Vincent
	+ Salcedo, Manuel Romero
14. A Three-Level Binding for Collaborative Editing Semantics
	+ Stotts, David
	+ Dewan, Prasun
	+ Munson, Jonathan
	+ Navon, Jaime
15. SAGE: A High Structure System for Helping Teams Find Wisdom (within themselves)
	+ Capron, Michael
	+ Desimone, Jacqueline
	+ Lacomis-Cote, Karen
16. Multimedia and Multi-party Desktop Conference System: MERMAID as Groupware Platform
	+ Sakata, Shiro
	+ Maeno, Kazutoshi
	+ Fukuoka, Hideyuki
	+ Abe, Toyoko
	+ Mizuno, Hiromi

Preface
	Purpose
	Goals
	Audience
	Content and Parts
	Limitations
	How to Use this Book
	Acknowledgments
	Software Examples
	Contributors
Part I: Hypermedia and Multimedia Concepts
1. Definitions
		Piet A. M. Kommers
	New Media: Are they Essential to Learning and Teaching
	Definitions
	The Family of New Media
	References
2. Multimedia Environments
		Piet A.M. Kommers
	Hypermedia as Information Resources for Learning
	Three Metaphors underlying Hypermedia
	Learning Through CD-ROM-based Hypermedia
	Conclusion
	References
3. Research on the Use of Hypermedia Piet A.M. Kommers
	Multimedia in the Landscape of Teaching and Learning
	Didactic, Physical, and Epistemic
	Navigation in Hypertext
	Research Line 1: Can hypertext essentially assist in complex mental tasks, such as learning and knowledge acquisition?
	Research Line 2: Which is the best way of interacting between users and a hypertext system?
	Research Line 3: What user interfaces are appropriate for navigation and collaboration in hypertext?
	Research Line 4: Which Is the right granularity to represent knowledge beyond the level of associative links?
	Conclusion
	References
Part II: Developing Hypermedia and Multimedia Applications
4. Nodes and Organization
		Joanna C. Dunlap
		Scott Grabinger
	Node Characteristics
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
5. Links
		Scott Grabinger
		Joanna C. Dunlap
	Characteristics of Links
	Kinds of Links: Contextual Links
	Kinds of Links: Support Links
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
6. Human-Computer Interface Design
		Rose Marra
	HCI Definition
	Basic HCI Principles
	Production Bias
	Assimilation Bias
	Intuitiveness
	Computer as Tool
	Conclusion
	References
7. Screen Design
		Scott Grabinger
	Legibility
	Aesthetic Quality Guidelines
	Basic Typography Guidelines
	Macrolevel Design Guidelines
	Microlevel Design Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
8. User Support Strategies
		Joanna C. Dunlap
	Orienting Users to the Application
	Facilitating Navigation
	Feedback to Keep Users Informed
	General User Support
	Conclusion
9. Evolution and Maintenance
		Rose Marra
	Definitions
	Rationale for Evolution and Maintenance
	Creating Procedures
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
10. Formative Evaluation
		Martin Tessmer
	Front-end and Formative Evaluation Purposes
	Multimedia Evaluation Needs
	Front-end Evaluation Questions
	Formative Evaluation Questions
	Evaluating the Multimedia Experience and Outcomes
	Conclusion
	References
Part III: Rich Environments for Active Learning
11. Encourage Student Responsibility
		Scott Grabinger
		Joanna C. Dunlap
	REALs
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
12. Make Learning Meaningful
		Joanna C. Dunlap
		Scott Grabinger
	Generative Learning
	Anchored Instruction
	Cooperative Learning and Generativity
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
13. Active Knowledge Construction
		Joanna C. Dunlap
		Scott Grabinger
	Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
14. Learner Assessment
		Thomas A. Cyr
	Tests versus Assessment
	Basic Premises
	Assessment Guidelines
	Lifelong Learning Competencies and Assessment
	Conclusion
	References
Index

Introduction
1. What Is an Intranet?
2. What Have Organizations Created Intranets and What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?
3. How Will Intranets Change You and Your Organization?
4. What Is Groupware and Why Do You Need It?
5. How Do You Use Groupware?
6. Intranet Groupware and Workflow Products
7. How Do You Choose Intranet Groupware and What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?
8. Building Your Intranet
9. What's So Hard about Groupware?
10. Two Approaches to Implementing Groupware
11. The Impact of Groupware and Workflow
Appendix. Groupware and Intranet Resources

Introduction
1. Evolution of computer application genres: Groupware and other network-based system applications
2. On the infinite variety of virtual entities
3. The shape of groups to come: Efforts to define, label, explain, and model collaborative activity
4. Shaped resources and spaces: Lessons from the use of desks, tables, whiteboards, office settings, and video
5. Cultural objects and technological dreams: Dependence, autonomy, and intellectual augmentation
6. Privacy, anonymity, and agency: Applications of computer networking and the development of social analogues
7. Toward a genre-responsive design approach for computing applications

Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Spatial cognition and HCI for GIS
Section 3: User behavior
Section 4: User interfaces
Section 5: Cross-cultural influences
Section 6: Collaborative GIS - computer supported cooperative work
Section 7: Task analysis and design methodologies
Section 8: Research directions: reports from the discussion groups
Appendix: NATO Advanced Research Workshop Participants

I. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION
	Case A Iterative Design of an Information Kiosk
	1. A Historical and Intellectual Perspective
	Case B The Emergence of Graphical User Interfaces
II. THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS
	2. Design and Evaluation
	3. Considering Work Contexts in Design
	4. Software Development Contexts
	5. Development Tools
III. INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS
	6. Vision, Graphic Design, and Visual Display
	7. Touch, Gesture, and Marking
	8. Speech, Language, and Audition
IV. PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN FACTORS
	9. Human Information Processing
	10. Designing to Fit Human Capabilities
V. RESEARCH FRONTIERS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION
	11. Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
	12. From Customizable Systems to Intelligent Agents
	13. Hypertext and Multimedia
	Case C A Multimedia Communication System
	14. Cyberspace

Preface and acknowledgements
1. HCI and the software designer
2. Understanding user needs and requirements
3. Designing the user interface
4. Designing graphical user interfaces
5. Designing user interfaces to CSCW systems
6. Usability
7. HCI standards
Appendix A: Answers to exercises

Preface
1. Introduction
2. Human-Computer Interaction
3. Hypertext
4. Multimedia
5. Hypermedia
6. Group and Groupware Principles
7. Groupware Applications
8. The Organization
9. Networks and their Applications
10. Organizational Case Studies
11. Conclusion
12. Exercises
13. Selected Abbreviations

I. INTRODUCTION (1)
1.	What is HCI? (3)
2.	Components of HCI (29)
Interview with Terry Winograd (53)
II. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: HUMANS (55)
Interview with Donald Norman (59)
3. Cognitive Frameworks for HCI (61)
4. Perception and Representation (75)
5. Attention and Memory Constraints (99)
6. Knowledge and Mental Models (123)
7. Interface Metaphors and Conceptual Models (141)
8. Learning in Context (155)
9. Social Aspects (173)
10. Organizational Aspects (185)
Interview with Marilyn Mantei (201)
III. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY (203)
Interview with Ben Shneiderman (207)
11. Input (211)
12. Output (237)
13. Interaction Styles (261)
14. Designing Window Systems (285)
15. User Support and On-Line Information (307)
16. Designing for Collaborative Work and Virtual Environments (325)
Interview with Roy Kalawsky (343)
IV. INTERACTION DESIGN: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES (345)
Interview with Tom Moran (349)
17. Principles of User-Centred Design (351)
18. Methods for User-Centred Design (371)
19. Requirements Gathering (383)
20. Task Analysis (409)
21. Structured HCI Design (431)
22. Envisioning Design (451)
V. INTERACTION DESIGN: SUPPORT FOR DESIGNERS (465)
Interview with Bill Verplank (467)
23. Supporting Design (469)
24. Guidelines: Principles and Rules (487)
25. Standards and Metrics (501)
26. Design Rationale (523)
27. Prototyping (537)
28. Software Support (565)
Interview with Deborah Hix (593)
VI. INTERACTION DESIGN: EVALUATION (595)
Interview with Brian Shackel (599)
29. The Role of Evaluation (601)
30. Usage Data: Observations, Monitoring, Users' Opinions (615)
31. Experiments and Benchmarking (641)
32. Interpretive Evaluation (657)
33. Predictive Evaluation (671)
34. Comparing Methods (691)
Glossary (709)
Solutions to Questions (725)
References (745)
Index (761)

I - INTRODUCTION
1. Interacting with Computers
2. Interface Widgets
3. Four Approaches to Human-Computer Interaction
II - EMPIRICAL APPROACH
4. Experimental Methodology
5. Experimental Design and Analysis
6. Hazards to Conducting and Interpreting HCI Experiments
III - COGNITIVE APPROACH
7. Mental Models
8. Human Information Processing
9. Neural Network Models
10. Metaphors and Analogies
11. Spatial Reasoning and Graphics
12. Workload Assessment
IV - PREDICTIVE MODELING APPROACH
13. The Model Human Processor
14. GOMS
15. NGOMSL
16. Production Systems
17. Grammar Representations
V - ANTHROPOMORPHIC APPROACH
18. Human-Human Communication
19. Natural Interface Design: Alternative Input Methods
20. Natural Interface Design: Perceptual and Cognitive Mismatches
21. Affordances, Constraints and World Knowledge
VI - ISSUES IN HCI (APPLICATION OF APPROACHES)
22. Feedback and Help Messages
23. Menu Displays
24. Database Applications
25. Groupware
References
Author Index
Subject Index

PART I: INTRODUCTION (1)
1.	Introduction to Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (7)
2.	The Adoption, Deployment, and Use of Groupware (67)
PART II: BEHAVIORAL FOUNDATIONS AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES (107)
3.	Human Behavior in Groups and Organizations (109)
4.	Groupware Design and Evaluation Methodologies (187)
5.	Case Studies of Cooperative Work (235)
6.	Enabling Technologies and Theories (329)
PART III: ASYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE (397)
7.	Electronic Mail and Computer Conferencing (399)
8.	Structured Messages, Agents, and Workflows (457)
9.	Cooperative Hypertext and Organizational Memory (519)
PART IV: SYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE (581)
10.	Desktop Conferencing (583)
11.	System and Language Support for Desktop Conferencing (633)
12.	Electronic Meeting and Decision Rooms (691)
13.	Media Spaces (775)
PART V: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (849)
14.	The Future of Groupware for CSCW (851)
REFERENCES (855)
INDEX (873)

Foreword
	+ Cadigan, Pat
Part I SOFTWHERE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
	Artificial Realities as Data Visualization Environments: Problems and Prospects
		+ Erickson, Thomas
	The Reality of Cooperation: Virtual Reality and CSCW
		+ Wexelblat, Alan
	Information Management Using Virtual Reality-Based Visualizations
		+ Fairchild, Kim Michael
Part II SOFTWHERE IN THE ARTS
	Writing Cyberspace: Literacy in the Age of Simularca
		+ Moulthrop, Stuart
	The Creator's Toolbox
		+ Gardner, Brian
	Full-Body Unencumbered Immersion in Virtual Worlds
		+ Wyshynski, Susan
		+ Vincent, Vincent John
Part III SOFTWHERE IN THE WORLD
	An Easy Entry Artificial Reality
		+ Krueger, Myron W.
	Virtual Reality and Planetary Exploration
		+ McGreevy, Michael W.
	Summer Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of Virtual Reality Technology
		+ Bricken, Meredith
		+ Byrne, Chris M.
	Visualization of Information Flows: Virtual Reality as an Organizational Modeling Technique
		+ Grantham, Charles

1. Introduction
2. Conversation and Computers
3. Task-specific Programming Languages
4. Interaction Techniques for End User Application Development
5. Application Frameworks
6. Collaborative Work Practices
7. Scenarios of End User Programming

Introduction
Part 1: Foundations
1: The Human
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Input-Output Channels
1.3 Human Memory
1.4 Thinking: Reasoning and Problem-solving
1.5 Individual Differences
1.6 Psychology and the Design of Interactive Systems
1.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
2: The Computer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Text Entry Devices
2.3 Positioning and Pointing Devices
2.4 Output Devices
2.5 Alternatives
2.6 Paper: Printing and Scanning
2.7 Memory
2.8 Processing
2.9 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
3: The Interaction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Models of Interaction
3.3 Frameworks and HCI
3.4 Ergonomics
3.5 Interaction Styles
3.6 The Context of the Interaction
3.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
Part II: Design Practice
4: Usability Paradigms and Principles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Paradigms for Interaction
4.3 Principles to Support Usability
4.4 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
5: The Design Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Software Life Cycle
5.3 Using Design Rules
5.4 Usability Engineering
5.5 Iterative Design and Prototyping
5.6 Design Rationale
5.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
6: Models of the User in Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cognitive Models
6.3 Goal and Task Hierarchies
6.4 Linguistic Models
6.5 The Challenge of Display Based Systems
6.6 Physical and Device Models
6.7 Cognitive Architectures
6.8 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
7: Task Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Differences between Task Analysis and Other Techniques
7.3 Task Decomposition
7.4 Knowledge Based Analysis
7.5 Entity-Relationship Based Techniques
7.6 Sources of Information and Data Collection
7.7 Uses of Task Analysis
7.8 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
8: Dialogue Notations and Design
8.1 What is Dialogue?
8.2 Dialogue Design Notations
8.3 Diagrammatic Notations
8.4 Textual Dialogue Notations
8.5 Dialogue Semantics
8.6 Dialogue Analysis and Design
8.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
9: Models of the System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Standard Formalisms
9.3 Interaction Models
9.4 Status/Event Analysis
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
10: Implementation Support
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Elements of Windowing Systems
10.3 Programming the Application
10.4 Using Toolkits
10.5 User Interface Management Systems
10.6 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
11: Evaluation Techniques
11.1 What is Evaluation?
11.2 Goals of Evaluation
11.3 Styles of Evaluation
11.4 Evaluating the Design
11.5 Evaluating the Implementation
11.6 Choosing an Evaluation Method
11.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
12: Help and Documentation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Requirements of User Support
12.3 Approaches to User Support
12.4 Intelligent Help Systems
12.5 Designing User Support Systems
12.6 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
Part III: Advanced Topics
13: Groupware
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Groupware Systems
13.3 Computer-mediated Communication
13.4 Meeting and Decision Support Systems
13.5 Shared Applications and Artefacts
13.6 Frameworks for Groupware
13.7 Implementing Synchronous Groupware
13.8 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
14: CSCW Issues and Theories
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Face-to-face Communication
14.3 Conversation
14.4 Text Based Communication
14.5 Group Working
14.6 Organizational Issues
14.7 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
15: Multi-sensory Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Usable Sensory Inputs
15.3 Multi-modal and Multi-media Systems
15.4 Speech in the Interface
15.5 Non-speech Sound
15.6 Handwriting Recognition
15.7 Text, Hypertext and Hypermedia
15.8 Animation and Video
15.9 Gesture Recognition
15.10 Computer Vision
15.11 Applications of Multi-media Systems
15.12 Summary
	Exercises
	Recommended Reading
References
Index

1. Introduction (Development of appreciation for why you need to
plan for introduction of new technologies)
The Future of Work: Prologue
	Decreasing Organizational Size
	Return of Work to the Home and Community
The Purpose of this Book
	Increased Decision Effectiveness
	Technology Diffusion Creates Change
The Plan of this Book
	The Enneagram Model: History and Applications
	Difference Between Thinking and Doing Processes
2. Communication: The Matrix of Interaction (Interpersonal Communication)
Theories of Communication
	Temporal Aspects
	Levels of Communication
	Pragmatics
Flow versus Particle Perspectives: The Competing World Views
Creation of Shared Realities
	Social Construction of Realities
Technology Impacts on Mediated Communication
	Communication Patterns and Affect
	Role Relationships and Organizational Behavior
		CASE STUDY
Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Phenomenological Approach
3. Designing the Organization (How to plan the design process)
Principles of Design
	Design as Opposed to Engineering
	History of Technology Design
	Six Principles for Organizational Technology Design
A Model of Organizational Health: The Six Factors
	Relationship of Elements to Information Flows
	Function--Information Flow--Diagnostics
Organizational Intervention Strategies and Evolution
	How to Correct Imbalances in Organizational Process
4. Customer Service and Quality: External Relationships (Building teams with technology)
Strategic Customer Service
	Elements of Customer Satisfaction
	Assessment
	Where you are?
	Your Business Issues
Partnerships
	External-Internal
	Permeable Boundaries
Customers-End-Users-and Customer's Customer's
		CASE STUDY
Development and Operating Functions: Strategic Customer Service
5. Engineering Your Business: Internal Influences (Getting More Effective with Less)
Business Process Analysis
	The Methodology of Analysis
Social Roles and Business Functions
	Technology, Teamwork and Business Process
	Relationships Between Employee Attitude, Customer Satisfaction and Business Success
The Six Steps of Process Management
	Quality Improvement and Technology
6. Organizational Structure and Technology Impacts (Re-Engineering your Business Enterprise)
Theories of Organizations and Technology
	The Structural Approach
	Socio-Technical Systems
Matrix of System Complexity and Issues of Managerial Concern
	The Relationship of Information Technologies and Organizational Issues
Managing the Change Process: Practical Advice
		CASE STUDY
Integrating Customer Service Support: What Went Wrong
7. New Models of Thinking (Taking a Larger View)
Systems: Closed, Open and Evolving
	Viable Systems Model
	Generative Rationality
Visual Thinking and Information Flows
Systems Through Time: Simulation Models:
	The Dialectic Model
	Technology Integration: Computers-Telecommunications and Education-Entertainment
8. Continuous Learning as an Institution (Getting Better at Getting Better)
Difference between Learning and Training
"Just in Time Learning"
Managing Value Shifts
Systems to Support Learning
The Emerging Technologies of Learning: Multimedia and Virtual Reality
		CASE STUDY
Video and Computer Arts and Organizational Learning
9. Epilogue: Improving the Self (Guiding the Process)
Self-Knowledge: Opening the Door
	Moving Beyond Right and Left Brain Thinking
Blending Mind, Body and Spirit
Metamorphosis
Meetings with Yourself
The Quest
Index

1	Human Factors of Interactive Software
2	Theories, Principles, and Guidelines
3	Menu Selection and Form Fillin
4	Command Languages
5	Direct Manipulation
6	Interaction Devices
7	Response Time and Display Rate
8	System Messages, Screen Design, and Color
9	Multiple-Window Strategies
10	Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
11	Information Exploration Tools
12	Printed Manuals, Online Help, and Tutorials
13	Iterative Design, Testing, and Evaluation
14	User-Interface Development Environments
Social and Individual Impact of User Interfaces

CONGRESS II: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS (Cont'd)
Intelligent Front Ends (789)
Knowledge Engineering for Expert Systems (849)
Intelligent Support and Help Systems (887)
Intelligent Training (951)
HCI -- The Future (989)
CONGRESS III: MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Strategic Planning of IT Systems (1019)
Uptake Strategies and User Involvement (1057)
Cooperative Work and Desktop Integration (1091)
Methods and Tools for Improving Information Systems (1133)
Application of IT Systems in Business Environments (1173)
Training and Qualification (1217)
Application of IT for the Quality of Life (1247)
Workshops
	Customer-Computer Interaction -- A Challenge for HCI (1283)
	VDT -- A Tool for a More Healthy Life (1305)
Poster Sessions (1311)
Supplement (1341)

1	The Elements of User Interface Development
	1.1	The Software Engineering Life Cycle
	1.2	Roles
	1.3	User Interface Life Cycle
		1.3.1	Requirements Definition
		1.3.2	Specifications
		1.3.3	Implementation
	1.4	Mobile Robot Example
	1.5	Functional Core of the Mobile Robot Software
2	In Search of a Design Method
	2.1	An Overview of the Design Stages
	2.2	Define the Problem
	2.3	Model the Operator
		2.3.1	Semantic and Syntactic Knowledge
		2.3.2	Techniques for Identifying the Operator's Characteristics
		2.3.3	General Classification of Operators
	2.4	Perform Task Analysis
		2.4.1	Task Decomposition
		2.4.2	Task Decomposition Analysis
	2.5	Define Computer Objects and Functions
		2.5.1	Making the Task Objects Correspond to Computer Objects
		2.5.2	Providing General Services
		2.5.3	Deciding Who Drives the Interaction
	2.6	Design the User Interface
		2.6.1	Choosing Interaction Objects
		2.6.2	Making the System State Explicit
	2.7	Evaluate the Design
	2.8	Engineering Considerations
		2.8.1	Cost and Schedule Considerations
		2.8.2	Iterative Refinement
		2.8.3	Configuration Management
3	Window Systems
	3.1	Device Independence and Device Sharing
		3.1.1	Device Independence
		3.1.2	Window System Events
		3.1.3	Device Sharing
		3.1.4	Example
	3.2	Imaging Model
		3.2.1	Color
		3.2.2	Pixels as an Imaging Model
		3.2.3	PostScript
		3.2.4	PHIGS
		3.2.5	Fonts
	3.3	Resource Management
	3.4	Managing a Single Window
		3.4.1	Resizing a Window
		3.4.2	Shape of Windows
	3.5	Managing Multiple Windows
		3.5.1	Input Management
	3.6	Multimedia
		3.6.1	Full Motion Video
		3.6.2	Audio
	3.7	Human Considerations
		3.7.1	Unselected Window Problem
		3.7.2	Button Overload Problem
		3.7.3	Behavior Consistency Problem
		3.7.4	Window Tiling
		3.7.5	The Rooms Model
	3.8	Engineering Considerations
		3.8.1	Software Architecture
		3.8.2	Programming Style
		3.8.3	Performance Issues
		3.8.4	Evaluation Issues
	3.9	Window System Used in the Mobile Robot
	3.10	Future
4	Interaction Objects
	4.1	Interaction Objects as Abstractions
		4.1.1	Sample Interaction Objects
		4.1.2	Appearance and Behavior of Interaction Objects
		4.1.3	Relationship between Interaction Objects and the Underlying Window System
	4.2	Interaction Object Architecture
		4.2.1	Principles of the Object-Oriented Paradigm
		4.2.2	Architecture of the X Toolkit Intrinsics
		4.2.3	The Benefits of the Object-Oriented Approach
		4.2.4	The Drawbacks of the Object-Oriented Approach
		4.2.5	Non-Object-Oriented Construction Models
	4.3	Composite Objects
		4.3.1	Simple Composition
		4.3.2	Geometry Management
		4.3.3	Constraints
		4.3.4	Garnet
		4.3.5	Abstract Imaging
	4.4	Multimedia
	4.5	Human Considerations
		4.5.1	Restrictions Imposed by Toolkits
		4.5.2	Combining Different Toolkits
	4.6	Engineering Considerations
		4.6.1	Standardization
		4.6.2	Customization
		4.6.3	Application Programming Interface
		4.6.4	Evaluation Criteria
	4.7	Mobile Robot Example
	4.8	Future
5	Dialogue Control
	5.1	Definitions
		5.1.1	Dialogue Controller
		5.1.2	Application Skeletons
		5.1.3	User Interface Generators
	5.2	Requirements for Dialogue Controllers
		5.2.1	Requirements for Interleaving
		5.2.2	Requirements for the Protocol with Functional Core: API
		5.2.3	Support for General Services
	5.3	Abstract Basis of Dialogue Control
		5.3.1	Formal Grammar Models
		5.3.2	Transition Networks
		5.3.3	Production Models
	5.4	Architectural Models
		5.4.1	Monolithic Sequential Architectures
		5.4.2	Multiagent Architectures
	5.5	Human Issues
	5.6	Engineering Issues
		5.5.1	Diversity of Functionality
		5.5.2	Run-time Support
		5.5.3	From Architectural Models to Implementation
	5.7	Future
		5.7.1	Cooperative Dialogue
		5.7.2	Groupware
		5.7.3	Multimodal Interaction
6	User Interface Management Systems
	6.1	Types of Services
		6.1.1	Design Services
		6.1.2	Construction Services
		6.1.3	Evaluation Services
		6.1.4	Maintenance Services
	6.2	User Interface Generators
		6.2.1	Presentation Specification Tools
		6.2.2	Dialogue Control Specification Tools
		6.2.3	Semantic Specification Tools
	6.3	An Example: Serpent
		6.3.1	Serpent's Dialogue Specification Mechanism
		6.3.2	Serpent's Interface with the Functional Core
		6.3.3	Serpent and Toolkits
		6.3.4	Serpent with the Life Cycle
		6.3.5	Serpent and Abstract Models
	6.4	Human Issues
	6.5	Engineering Issues
	6.6	Future
		6.6.1	Interdisciplinary Efforts
		6.6.2	Improvement of Computer Science Techniques
Appendix A: A Simple Draw Program Using Xlib
	A.1	The User Interface
	A.2	Comments
Appendix B: A Simple Draw Program Using the HP Toolkit
	B.1	The User Interface
	B.2	Comments
Appendix C: A Simple Draw Program Using HyperCard
	C.1	The User Interface
	C.2	Constructing the User Interface Interactively
	C.3	Scripts
Bibliography
Index

Technology for intellectual teamwork: perspectives on research and design
	+ Galegher, Jolene
	+ Kraut, Robert E.
Time matters in groups
	+ McGrath, Joseph E.
Work group structure and information technology: a structural contigency approach
	+ Gutek, Barbara A.
The development of working relationships
	+ Gabarro, John J.
Mutual knowledge and communicative effectiveness
	+ Krauss, Robert M.
	+ Fussell, Susan R.
Patterns of contact and communication in scientific research collaborations
	+ Kraut, Robert E.
	+ Egido, Carmen
	+ Galegher, Jolene
Information technology and work groups: the case of new product teams
	+ Ancona, Deborah G.
	+ Caldwell, David F.
The technology of team navigation
	+ Hutchins, Edwin
The integration of distributed knowledge in collaborative medical diagnosis
	+ Cicourel, Aaron V.
The interplay of work group structures and computer support
	+ Bikson, Tora K.
	+ Eveland, J. D.
Communication and performance in ad hoc task groups
	+ Finholt, Tom
	+ Sproull, Lee
	+ Kiesler, Sara
Voice messaging, coordination, and communication
	+ Rice, Ronald E.
	+ Shook, Douglas E.
Teleconferencing as a technology to support cooperative work: its possibilities and limitations
	+ Egido, Carmen
Technology and groups: assessments of the empirical research
	+ Kraemer, Kenneth L.
	+ Pinsonneault, Alain
Hypertext and collaborative work: the example of intermedia
	+ Landow, George P.
Supporting collaboration with advanced multimedia electronic mail: the NSF EXPRES Project
	+ Olson, Gary M.
	+ Atkins, Daniel E.
Visual languages for cooperation: a performing medium approach to systems for cooperative work
	+ Lakin, Fred
Experiences in an exploratory distributed organization
	+ Abel, Mark
Design and assessment of a group decision support system
	+ Vogel, Douglas R.
	+ Nunamaker, Jay F.

User Approaches to Computer-Supported Teams
	+ Johansen, R.
Assumptions Underlying Systems that Support Work Group Collaboration
	+ Dhar, V.
	+ Olson, M. H.
How is Work Coordinated? Implications for Computer-Based Support
	+ Johnson, B. M.
The Information Lens: An Intelligent System for Information Sharing and Coordination
	+ Malone, Thomas W.
	+ Grant, Kevin R.
	+ Lai, Kum-Yew
	+ Rao, Ramana
	+ Rosenblitt, David A.
Flexible Interactive Technologies for Multi-Person Tasks: Current Problems and Future Prospects
	+ Bikson, Tora K.
	+ Eveland, J. D.
	+ Gutek, B. A.
Organizational Architecture for Distributed Computing: The Next Frontier in System Design
	+ Pava, C.
Developing the Management Systems of the 1990s: The Role of Collaborative Work
	+ Cashman, P. M.
	+ Stroll, D.
Toward Portable Ideas
	+ Stefik, M.
	+ Brown, J. S.
A Method for Evaluating Work Group Productivity Products
	+ Floyd, B. D.
	+ Turner, J. A.

Early Visions
Early Research Projects
Related Technologies
Domain-Specific Coordination Support
Support for Meetings
Technology
Recent Theoretical Approaches
Empirical Studies