| The Development of a Method to Assess the Effects of Traffic Situation and Time Pressure on Driver Information Preferences | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-12 | |
| Alexander Eriksson; Ignacio Solis Marcos; Katja Kircher; Daniel Västfjäll; Neville A. Stanton | |||
| Contemporary Driving Automation (DA) is quickly approaching a level where
partial autonomy will be available, relying on transferring control back to the
driver when the operational limits of DA is reached. To explore what type of
information drivers might prefer in control transitions an online test was
constructed. The participants are faced with a set of still pictures of traffic
situations of varying complexity levels and with different time constraints as
situations and time available is likely to vary in real world scenarios. The
choices drivers made were then assessed with regards to the contextual and
temporal information available to participants. The results indicate that
information preferences are dependent both on the complexity of the situation
presented as well as the temporal constraints. The results also show that the
different temporal and contextual conditions had an effect on decision-making
time, where participants orient themselves quicker in the low complexity
situations or when the available time is restricted. Furthermore, the method
seem to identify changes in behaviour caused by varying the traffic situation
and external time pressure. If the results can be validated against a more
realistic setting, this particular method may prove to be a cost effective,
easily disseminated tool which has potential to gather valuable insights about
what information drivers prioritize when confronted with different situations. Keywords: Adaptation to task demands; Driving automation; Online survey; Decision
making | |||
| Distraction and Driving Behavior by Presenting Information on an "Emissive Projection" Display Compared to a Head-up Display | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 13-23 | |
| Verena C. Knott; Stefan Demmelmair; Klaus Bengler | |||
| A study in the static driving simulator examines whether the use of an
Emissive Projection Display (EPD) causes significant effects on attention and
cognitive load in addition to the driving task. Moreover, a comparison with a
conventional Head-Up Display (HUD) is drawn. Conclusions regarding the driver's
stress resulting parallel to the driving task are objectively determined by
reaction times that are needed to perform a visual secondary task. The results
of the analysis of objective data show significant extensions in the response
times the performing the secondary task for the EPD, compared to HUD. Also data
for the subjective assessments of workload during the different test runs are
discussed. Keywords: Driver assistance system; Emissive projection display (EPD); Head-up display
(HUD); Reaction time; Distraction; Workload | |||
| Modeling Situation Awareness on Alarm Displays in Nuclear Power Plants | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 24-33 | |
| Sheau-Farn Max Liang; Chih-Wei Chen | |||
| Human factors engineering is important and has been brought into the
regulations for the operation of nuclear power plants. However, there is still
a discrepancy between the regulations and the practices. In this study, the
SEEV model was used as a framework to construct an analytical model for
predicting situation awareness in terms of the gaze distribution percentage on
alarm displays in nuclear power plants. Two similar multiple linear regression
models were constructed and validated based on the data of eye-tracking from 40
participants. Results showed that these two models were consistent with the
SEEV framework. The values of R-square for these two models were 0.78 and 0.83,
whereas the values of predicted R-square were 0.77 and 0.72. The analytical
model developed in this study should be a necessary complement to current
practice of situation awareness measurement. In addition, through the model,
the improvement of alarm display design can be achieved in a resource-effective
manner. Keywords: Situation Awareness; Alarm display; Nuclear power plant; Eye tracking | |||
| A Study of Multi-target Visual Search by Eye Movement Behavior | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 34-44 | |
| Zhongqi Liu; Zhaofang Xu; Qianxiang Zhou; Fang Xie; Shihua Zhou | |||
| The purpose of this study is to probe the characteristics of search time and
eye movement behavior to the multi-objective search. Ten subjects participated
in the experiment and they were asked to search three target characters at the
same similarity degree among the distraction characters which displayed on a 24
in. computer display. The results of search time showed that the first target
character was the longest and the second target character was the shortest when
the similarity degree between target characters and distraction characters was
smaller; The search time to the third target character was the longest and the
second target character was the shortest while the similarity degree between
target characters and distraction characters was larger; It could been seen
from the eye movement data that the search time was longer of the group of the
higher similarity degree. It also could be found from the video playback of eye
movement data that there were three kinds of visual search patterns for the
subjects that they were parallel search, serial search, and parallel-serial
search. The subjects who used parallel-serial search pattern made shorter time
in founding the target. Conclusions can be made from the results: the order
that the targets presented can significantly affect the search time; the
similarity degree between target characters and distraction characters also has
significant effect to the search time; the parallel-serial search pattern has
the best search efficiency among three search patterns. Keywords: Multi-target; Visual search; Eye movement; Cognition; Ergonomic | |||
| Effects of Auditory and Tactile Warning on Drivers' Response to Hazard Under Noisy Environment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 45-53 | |
| Atsuo Murata; Takashi Kuroda | |||
| If the warning signal is presented via visual or auditory stimulus, the
auditory or visual interference with other information might arise. On the
other hand, if vibrotactile cue is used, such interference would be surely
reduced. Therefore, it is expected that a vibrotactile signal would be very
promising as a warning signal especially under noisy environment. In order to
clarify the most suitable modality of cue (warning) to a visual hazard under
noisy environment, the following two cues were used in the experiment: (1)
auditory cue and (2) vibrotactile cue. The condition of SOA (Stimulus Onset
Asynchrony) was set to 0 s, 0.5 s, and 1 s. The outside noise under the
real-driving environment was recorded and edited for the experiment. The noise
level inside the experimental chamber was 60 dB(A), 70 dB(A), 80 dB(A), and 90
dB(A). As a result, it was verified that the vibrotactile warning was more
effective than the auditory warning. When the outside noise under the
real-driving environment was used as the noise inside the experimental chamber,
the reaction time to the auditory warning was not affected by the noise level. Keywords: Auditory warning; Vibrotactile warning; Automotive warning system; Outside
noise under the real-driving environment; SOA | |||
| Study on Event-Related Potential of Information Alarm in Monitoring Interface | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 54-65 | |
| Jiang Shao; Chengqi Xue; Haiyan Wang; Wencheng Tang; Yafeng Niu | |||
| Conduct research on the problems caused by the improper design of alarm
modes in the digital interface of monitoring system. Based on the behavior data
and physiological data obtained by the event-related potential brain electrical
experiment, compare the influences of the two alarm modes of interface elements
size change and color change on the visual cognition of users, analyze the key
elements that cause these reasons and lay the foundation for the improvement of
alarm modes of monitoring interface. In the brain electrical components of
color change and size change, N100, P200 and P300 are more obvious, and they
are focused on the top region, the central left top region and the central
right top region. As for the present of digital interface alarm information, in
the present method with the same channel, participants is more sensitive to the
color code change, although the activation degree of size change on human brain
is higher. The data analysis and conclusion of this thesis can provide
reference for the design of the digital interface alarm mode in the future, so
as to effectively avoid the users' misjudgment and omission on the interface
information and improve the use efficiency of system in reality. Keywords: Information identification; ERP; Human computer interaction | |||
| Effect of Icon Density and Color Contrast on Users' Visual Perception in Human Computer Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 66-76 | |
| Zhangfan Shen; Chengqi Xue; Jing Li; Xiaozhou Zhou | |||
| One of the challenges today in human-computer interaction is to design user
interfaces that are not only appealing to users but also efficiency. Our
general objective in this present study was to investigate the effects of the
icon density, color contrast and luminance difference on the interaction
between users and user interfaces. We conducted two experimental studies,
focusing on one specific perceptual feature: user interface design. The first
study investigated the effects of the icon density on users' visual
identification. Based on the results of the study, we believed that the number
of the icons should not be more than 25 in one area, and for small number of
the icons, the inter-element spacing should be more than 1/2 icon, which would
make users easier to identify them. The second study investigated the effects
of chromaticity contrast and luminance contrast on icon perception. Based on
the results, we proposed that high color contrast could enhance the efficiency
of icon identification and the value of icon-background Michelson contrast
should be more than 0.3, but less than 0.5. Keywords: User interface; Icon density; Color contrast; Luminance difference;
Michelson contrast | |||
| Prevalence Effects in X-Ray Screening Tasks with a Static or Dynamic Visual Display: Is There Any Difference? | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 77-83 | |
| Lingyu Wang; Xianghong Sun | |||
| Visual search researches have demonstrated target prevalence affected the
search performance. However, almost all studies were conducted in static
searches. The aim of present study is, using more ecologically valid dynamic
visual search, to examine whether different static and dynamic displays affect
prevalence effects in screening tasks. Three display patterns were deployed by
manipulating the display movement velocity. The results showed that the low
prevalence effect existed both in static search and more ecologically valid
dynamic visual search. The disciplines of prevalence effects partially applied
in dynamic visual search. Keywords: Dynamic visual search; Low prevalence effect; Signal detection theory; X-ray
screening; Motion | |||
| Visual Comfort and Fatigue Between Watching Linear Polarized and Circular Polarized LCD TVs as Measured by Eye Tracking | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 84-91 | |
| Yunhong Zhang; Chaoyi Zhao; Xin Zhang | |||
| An eye movement study was conducted to make clear whether the new technique
of circular polarized LCD display would help to relieve the visual fatigue
after long duration viewing films. 60 undergraduates and ordinary researchers
were measured to assess and compare the difference of blink frequency and
duration time between viewing linear polarized and circular polarized LCD
displays by Eye-tracking. 60 participants were divided into two groups after
matching, and the two matched groups were separately arranged to viewing linear
polarized and circular polarized LCD displays. They watch the same video
content (scenery video and a film), while recording the eye movement data. The
results shows that the blink frequency of the two group participants which
viewed linear polarized and circular polarized LCD displays first decreases and
then increases in the overall trend with prolonging of the viewing time, and
there is remarkable difference between the participants of viewing linear
polarized and circular polarized LCD displays in blink frequency and duration
time indexes. As a conclusion, circular polarized LCD causes less visual
fatigue. Keywords: Visual fatigue; Eye-tracking; Circular polarized; Linear polarized; LCD
display | |||
| Visual Behavior Analysis of Human Performance in Precision Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 95-106 | |
| Nitesh Bhatia; Dibakar Sen; Anand V. Pathak | |||
| In this paper we have presented a pilot study done on seven subjects for
analyzing the variation of human task performance on precision manual tasks by
changing the visual distance. A trivial screw fastening task was performed at
sitting and standing posture. It was observed that as long as components
remained properly visible and within hand reach, the subjects were able to
perform faster at a longer visual distance. We performed two additional
laboratory experiments that consisted of tasks comprising of block duplication
and visual peg-hole search and observed the same results. For recording the
visual activity, a head-mounted binocular eye-tracker was used that captures
first person view of scene along with gaze vector and fixation time. The data
generated was analyzed for all three tasks and results are shown that justify
our observations. Keywords: Vision analysis; Eye tracking; Precision tasks; Human performance; Visual
behavior | |||
| The Effect of Simulated Threat on Task Performance During Emotion Recognition | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 107-116 | |
| Tibor Bosse; Koen Schnitfink | |||
| Being able to de-escalate aggressive behavior during face-to-face
interactions is an important skill for employees in a variety of domains. To do
this effectively, employees should learn to recognize the emotional state of
their conversation partner. However, this task can be seriously hindered by the
stress triggered by the aggressive encounter. To gain more insight in the
impact of threat on task performance during emotion recognition, 30
participants were asked to perform an emotion recognition task using pictures
of virtual characters. Each participant performed the task two times, once
under normal circumstances, and once in a 'stress' condition in which
threatening stimuli were presented whenever a wrong answer was given.
Additionally, all 30 participants performed a second, mathematical task, also
under a normal and a 'stress' condition. Counterbalancing was used to control
for order effects. The results indicate that there was a negative impact of the
(simulated) threat on performance in the emotion recognition task, but not in
the mathematical task. In follow-up research, these results will be used to
develop an adaptive serious game for public service workers, with which they
can train their aggression de-escalation skills in a personalized manner. Keywords: Emotion recognition; Threatening stimuli; Task performance | |||
| It's Dark in There: Using Systems Analysis to Investigate Trust and Engagement in Dark Web Forums | | BIBA | Full-Text | 117-128 | |
| David Lacey; Paul M. Salmon | |||
| The dark web is a layer of the Internet that exists to preserve the anonymity of its users. Features of the dark web include websites, discussion forums, and marketplaces that trade in legitimate and illicit products and services. Common examples that have gained public notoriety include Silk Road, Agora and Taobao5, generating hundreds of thousands of users worldwide. One of the major features of the dark web is obscuring the originating Internet Protocol (IP) address of its users. Perhaps this may explain why little research exists on participant trust and engagement within this environment. This research paper contributes to this gap in two ways. First it explores the application of the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) methodology to the dark web context, and specifically, the tasks and interactions associated with enrolling as a first-time participant within an illicit marketplace. The second contribution, is a compelling view on the nature of trust establishment within a dark web system of relevance to participants, hosts, and law enforcement stakeholders alike. The research is novel in its approach and application of sociotechnical systems methodologies within a highly under-researched but popular environment. The implications for future research and practice in this area are discussed. | |||
| A CMF Database Framework Design -- A Case of Application of User Mental Model | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 129-139 | |
| Jikun Liu; Chenyu Zhao; Hengfeng Zuo | |||
| In this paper, we take the project of CMF network database framework design
as an example to explore how to effectively apply the mental model approach to
the User-Centered Design process. We firstly build a user mental model to
collect user needs by interviewing and observing the target user
representatives. Then, we compare the user needs against the capabilities of
the competitors' products to get some key design opportunities. And finally,
using those key opportunities as an important guidance, we construct a new
framework for the CMF database. We hope the design process based on the mental
model approach discussed here can set a reference to the User-Centered Design. Keywords: CMF database framework; Mental model approach; User-centered design | |||
| Gamification Design Based Research on Speech Training System for Hearing-Impaired Children | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 140-151 | |
| Qiang Liu; Fengjiao Cai; Ying Yang; Ting Han | |||
| There are about 137,000 hearing-impaired children in 0-6 years old in China.
Unfortunately, it has about 23,000 newborn hearing-impaired children each year.
The number is far larger in the world. As a result of hearing impairment,
children lost the ability to speak. The society should pay more attention to
them. A number of methods and products have been developed. However, these
products are more like laboratory instruments and lack of humane and fun. As a
result, it has no appeal to children. Parents has a great influence to the
training. So it requires time and effort from the parents and many parents may
have to take time off from work [1]. Economic pressures increases the
misfortune of each family. In the age of advocating the user experience, it is
essential to understand the products from the perspective of hearing-impaired
children and their families to increase interest of the product. Gamification
design is a great solution that increases the interest of the speech training
system. In this paper, we focus on the influence of different game mechanics of
speech training system for hearing-impaired children combined with the theories
of immersion, flow experience and performance. A self-service training system
has been developed. Keywords: Hearing-impaired children; Speech training; Gamification design; Serious
game; User experience | |||
| Military Vehicle Dashboard Design Using Semantics Method in Cognitive Ergonomics Framework | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 152-163 | |
| Billy Muhamad Iqbal; Amalia Suzianti; Boy Nurtjahyo | |||
| Indonesia requires innovation and revitalization for the military vehicles
that match the performance of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) in securing the
sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on this fact, the need for good
vehicle use, effective and efficient is necessary, by the fact the Indonesian
military vehicles is commonly old that have limited function and ergonomics.
The new vehicle purchased from abroad is also less fit for the soldier's
ergonomic profile. The study aimed to design one of the main parts that are
considered most representative of a military vehicle to fit between the vehicle
function and the profile of soldiers. This study aims to design an instrument
Human-Machine Interface in the form of a dashboard with semantic methods and
evaluated on a military vehicle with a virtual method in order to maximize the
functions of the Human-Machine Interaction in the vehicle in order to improve
the performance of the military vehicles that will maximize the ability of the
military in using their main combat tools. Keywords: Cognitive ergonomics; Product design; Military vehicle; Semantics design;
Human machine interface | |||
| Seeing Officiating as a Sociotechnical System -- The Case for Applying Distributed Situation Awareness to Officials in Sport | | BIBA | Full-Text | 164-175 | |
| Timothy J. Neville; Paul M. Salmon | |||
| Systems thinking, the notion that the unit of analysis should be the overall sociotechnical system, is a popular contemporary paradigm within cognitive ergonomics. Despite this, systems thinking applications have not yet emerged in the sporting context. We argue that systems thinking applications are required in sport, especially since sports systems are becoming more complex and technology dependent. Further, Officials in Sport (OiS), the controllers of the game, represent a critical but neglected research area. In this paper we explore whether the cognitive ergonomics model of Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) can be applied to OiS systems and if DSA provides appropriate theoretical and methodological approaches to support future studies of Situation Awareness in OiS systems. The implications for future sport and OiS research applications are discussed and a research agenda designed to facilitate these applications is proposed. | |||
| Towards a Continuous Method for Mental Workload Registration | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 176-187 | |
| Thea Radüntz; Gabriele Freude | |||
| Continuous mental workload registration is a key technology for evaluating
and optimizing work conditions in human-machine systems. Despite the urgent
need for this technology, its technical measurement is still lacking. The
long-term goal of this work is the establishment of precisely such an objective
method. The article describes the development of a continuous method for
neuronal mental workload registration during the execution of cognitive tasks.
The sample consists of 54 people in paid work. The electroencephalogram as well
as further workload relevant biosignal data and the NASA-TLX as a subjective
questionnaire method are registered. Results from the workload classification
of the EEG segments are presented. They are in concordance with the results
expected from different task requirements on the executive functions. Findings
from the subjective ratings, accuracy rates, and cardiovascular parameters
underscore this fact. Keywords: Mental workload; Electroencephalogram (EEG); Signal processing; Pattern
recognition | |||
| Black or White? Influence of Robot Arm Contrast on Distraction in Human-Robot Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 188-199 | |
| Jonas Schmidtler; Asuman Sezgin; Thomas Illa; Klaus Bengler | |||
| The conducted study is concerned with the visual appearance of a common
industrial robot and the influence on the human worker while acting in the same
workplace at the very same time. Sixteen volunteers, eight novices and eight
experts participated in the study. Equipped with an eye-tracking-system glance
chains while revealing the robot and number of glances influenced by different
contrast conditions of the robot arm while working on a primary and an
interactive secondary task where measured. The results of the first part are
that human operators perceive a common six-axis industrial robot in a
comparable way from bottom up to the tool-center-point and over the
arm-kinematic back. The second part revealed that higher robot-arm contrasts
lead to higher distraction caused by a higher number of glances to the moving
robot. Keywords: Human-Robot Interaction; Robot arm contrast; Influencing factors; Robot
appearance; Distraction; Acceptance; Well-being; Eye tracking | |||
| New Knowledge for Built Environments: Exploring Urban Design from Socio-technical System Perspectives | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 200-211 | |
| Nicholas J. Stevens; Paul M. Salmon | |||
| This paper details the value in exploring, applying and disseminating Human
Factors methods in Urban Planning and Design. This innovative research
recognises that from a paradigm perspective there are similarities between the
challenges faced in both disciplines. The authors have applied Cognitive Work
Analysis (CWA) to explore a range of built environment issues. The findings
have allowed for a clearer interpretation of the systems relationships within
urban design contexts -- from the functional purposes, to the important objects
contained within them. This paper highlights the applications, and discusses
the implications for future research and practice. It is concluded that the
research contributes to a better understanding of the interdependencies between
the designs, user experience and engineering requirements of key urban design
projects. Keywords: Human factors; Sociotechnical systems; Urban planning; Urban design;
Sociotechnical urbanism | |||
| Bridging the Research-Practice Gap: Validity of a Software Tool Designed to Support Systemic Accident Analysis by Risk Managers | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 215-225 | |
| Natassia Goode; Paul M. Salmon; Natalie Z. Taylor; Michael G. Lenné; Caroline F. Finch | |||
| Despite the proposed advantages of systems accident analysis (SAA) methods
for understanding incident-causation, these approaches have not been widely
adopted by practitioners. This represents a significant gap between research
and practice in accident analysis. The Understanding and Preventing Led Outdoor
Accidents Data System (UPLOADS) provides a series of tools to address this gap.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of UPLOADS by comparing
analyses generated by risk managers and researchers experienced in SAA.
Twenty-three risk managers used UPLOADS to collect and analyse incident data
from their organization over a three month period. The reports were then
analyzed by two researchers experienced in SAA, and compared to those generated
by participants. Participants identified half the number of factors identified
by researchers, and tended to focus on only one or two factors as the causes of
each incident. The potential consequences for practitioners' understanding of
incident-causation and countermeasure development are discussed, as well as
ways of improving the system. Keywords: Systems thinking; Accident analysis; Research translation | |||
| "How Do I Save It?" Usability Evaluation of a Systems Theory-Based Incident Reporting Software Prototype by Novice End Users | | BIBA | Full-Text | 226-236 | |
| Eryn Grant; Natassia Goode; Paul M. Salmon; Michael G. Lenné; Bridie Scott-Parker; Caroline F. Finch | |||
| The level of usability achieved by software tools is a key factor that determines their success and indeed uptake by end users. This paper describes a study that was undertaken to evaluate the usability of a prototype incident reporting software tool. The study involved novice end users completing a series of tasks using the software tool and then completing Ravden and Johnson's Human Computer Interaction (HCI) checklist. The findings identify aspects of the system that pose particular challenges for participants. Participants appeared to lack a clear understanding of the relationship between the information required from them, and the underpinning accident analysis method of the software tool. This is perhaps unsurprising, considering that most incident reporting systems do not include these functions. The findings indicate that the tool requires better levels of intuitiveness to assist users in complex tasks so the focus is on awareness of accident causation methods rather than task instructions. The implications for the design of incident reporting software tools are discussed. | |||
| Sorry, I'm Late; I'm Not in the Mood: Negative Emotions Lengthen Driving Time | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 237-244 | |
| Myounghoon Jeon; Jayde Croschere | |||
| A considerable amount of research has shown that anger degenerates driving
performance [e.g., 1, 2, 3], but little research has empirically shown other
affective effects on driving. To investigate angry and sad effects on driving,
we conducted a driving simulation study with induced affective states. In
cognitive psychology, there is the "sadder but wiser" phenomenon, but given
that driving is a complex, dynamic task that engages not only basic cognitive
processes, but also other critical elements such as decision making, action
selection, and motor control, it might result in different outcomes. Thirty-two
participants were induced into sad, angry, or neutral affective states and
asked to complete a driving task using a medium fidelity driving simulator.
Measures included driving performance, subjective mood ratings, and a NASA-TLX
workload index. Results showed that participants in the angry and sad
conditions took significantly more time to complete the driving task compared
to the neutral condition. Keywords: Aggressive driving; Anger; Driving simulation research; Emotions; Road rage;
Sadder but wiser | |||
| Primacy of Immediate Reward Underlying Violation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 245-254 | |
| Atsuo Murata; Yukio Ohta; Makoto Moriwaka | |||
| We generally tend to discount the satisfaction induced by the consumption in
the future relative to the satisfaction at present. We feel more attractive to
the immediate reward even if it is not a great amount of money. This is called
primacy of immediate reward. Therefore, it is possible that this property
forces us to put immediate profits or rewards before those in the future
especially when the incentive to immediate awards or profits is stronger. It is
speculated that such a property leads to cognitive biases to commit violation,
and at the worst case causes a crucial accident such as the critical mass
accident at the uranium processing plant of JCO Tokai Works Test Facility. As
the basis for the prevention of violation-based human error, the primacy of
immediate reward was explored in detail and an attempt was made to identify the
condition under which the primacy of immediate reward is dominant. The primacy
of immediate reward did not always arise, and it readily occurred under the
following situation: (1) very uncertain situation under which a promise is not
necessarily observed, and (2) situation under which one feels much starved and
need money to eat something with. It was found that the urged to gain an
immediate reward readily led to time discount. Keywords: Time discount; Loss aversion; Irrationality; Primacy of immediate reward;
Violation; Pursuit of immediate profit | |||
| An Attempt to Predict Driver's Drowsiness Using Trend Analysis of Behavioral Measures | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 255-264 | |
| Atsuo Murata; Kohei Fukuda; Koh Yoshida | |||
| The behavioral measures such as neck vending angle and tracking error in
steering maneuvering during the simulated driving task was recorded under the
low arousal condition of all participants who stayed up all night without
sleeping. We conducted trend analysis where time and the behavioral measure of
drowsiness corresponded to an independent variable and a dependent variable,
respectively. Applying the trend analysis technique to the experimental data of
participants from whom the point in time when the participant would have
encountered a crucial accident if he or she continued driving a vehicle
(virtual accident), we proposed a method to predict in advance (before virtual
accident occurs) the point in time with high risk of crash By applying the
proposed trend analysis method to behavioral measures, we found that the
proposed approach could identify the point in time with high risk of crash and
eventually predict in advance the symptom of the occurrence of point in time of
virtual accident. Keywords: Drowsiness prediction; Behavioral measure; Virtual accident; Crash; Trend
analysis | |||
| An Attempt to Predict Point in Time with High Risk of Crash Using Psychological Rating on Drowsiness and X-Bar Chart of Behavioral Measures | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 265-274 | |
| Atsuo Murata; Kensuke Naitoh | |||
| A procedure for predicting the point in time with high risk of crash before
the point in time of virtual accident was proposed using X-bar chart of the
behavioral measures during a simulated driving task. The tracking error, the
back pressure, the sitting pressure (COP movement on the sitting surface), the
horizontal neck bending angle, and the vertical neck bending angle were
measured during a driving task on the driving simulator. As a result of
applying the proposed method to these data, we could identify the point in time
with high risk of crash before the point in time of virtual accident occurred
for nine participants out of ten. The time interval between the point in time
with high risk of crash and the point in time of virtual accident ranged from
136 s to 526 s. As for the other one participant, the point in time with high
risk of crash was identified 9 s after the point in time of virtual accident.
In such a way, it has been verified that the proposed procedure for predicting
the point in time with high risk of crash is effective and promising for
warning drivers of the high risky state of crash. Keywords: Point in time with high risk of crash; Behavioral measures; X-bar chart;
Virtual accident; Psychological rating on drowsiness | |||
| The Elephant in the Room: Normal Performance and Accident Analysis | | BIBA | Full-Text | 275-285 | |
| Paul M. Salmon; Natassia Goode; Erin Stevens; Guy Walker; Neville A. Stanton | |||
| Accidents, accident causation, and accident prevention remain key themes within human factors and ergonomics research efforts worldwide. Accordingly, there are a range of well-developed models of accident causation and various methodologies to support accident analysis efforts. State of the art models propose a number of features of accident causation that go beyond operator errors and failed defenses. Once such feature now widely accepted is the notion that 'normal performance' plays a role in accidents; that is everyday behaviors not deemed to be errors or failures at the time of occurrence, are implicated in causal networks. Despite this, it is questionable whether our accident analysis methodologies are equipped to identify normal performance and its role in accidents. This paper examines this, reviewing current state of the art accident analysis methods along with their previous applications. It is concluded that, of the three methods reviewed, only one (Accimap) is currently capable of considering normal performance (at least without reclassifying it as a failure or error of some sort). The implications for accident analysis methodologies and practice are discussed and future methodological requirements are articulated. | |||
| Inverting Traditional Views on Human Task-Processing Behavior by Focusing on Abilities Instead of Disabilities -- A Discussion on the Functional Situation Management of Drivers to Solve Demanding Situations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 286-296 | |
| Maximilian Schwalm; Gudrun Mechthild Irmgard Voß; Stefan Ladwig | |||
| Due to the well-elaborated limitations of cognitive processing, humans can
process only a certain number of tasks in parallel. Notably in the context of
driving this poses a serious problem when performing additional tasks while
driving. Statistically, drivers perform other tasks while driving in over 50%
of the time but drive approximately 3.8 million kilometers before experiencing
a severe accident. Hence, besides the undoubted negative influence of
non-driving related tasks on driving, appropriate abilities are required to
succeed even in most critical driving situations. Until today, little is known
about these abilities. To gain further insight, the present paper dwells on the
development of a framework based on elaborated cognitive models. Its central
claim concerns proactive functional situation management based on situation
assessment and task prioritization. A driving simulation study is reported to
support the framework. Further, it is discussed how this approach could be
applied to fields of HMI. Keywords: Information processing; Driver abilities; Task load/workload; Multi-tasking | |||
| What the Death Star Can Tell Us About System Safety | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 297-306 | |
| Guy Walker; Paul Salmon; Neville A. Stanton | |||
| Resilience engineering requires that organizations review their own systems
to proactively identify weaknesses. Imagine, then, having to identify a
critical flaw in a highly complex planetoid sized orbital battle station, under
extreme time pressure, and with no clear idea at the outset where the
vulnerability will lie? This was the challenge faced by the Rebel Alliance in
the film Star Wars. One of the belligerents, the Imperial Empire, considered it
highly unlikely a weakness would be found even if the other belligerent were in
possession of a full technical readout of the Station. How could it be done?
The first option presented in this paper is to employ traditional error
identification methods. The findings show the limitations of this
component-based approach because it did not predict the actual vulnerability
exploited. The second option is to use a systems-based method to model the
Death Star's functional constraints and affordances. This method did detect the
film ending, and several others. It also provides a compelling narrative around
the use of reductionist methods for systems problems, and some wider
implications for method selection in more earth-bound settings. Keywords: Resilience; Scale; Variety; Predictive efficiency | |||
| How 3D-Displays in ATC Permit Direct Event Perception | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 309-316 | |
| Andreas Baier; Alf Zimmer | |||
| Three different stereoscopic 3D visualizations are compared with regard to
the quality of the event representation to the 2D reference currently used at
air-traffic-control controller working positions. Both air-traffic-controllers
and pilots judge safety critical air-traffic events showing two converging
aircrafts. The level of cognitive demand that arises in peak-traffic situations
is simulated by an additional auditory task that has to be conducted in
parallel to the conflict assessment. The results indicate that 3D
visualizations represent the event structure best, and enhance the efficacy of
the air-traffic-controllers in detecting conflicts without compensating this
advantage at the cost of efficiency due to a higher number of false alarms. The
increase of this advantage with increased cognitive demand indicates benefits
of 3D visualizations regarding mental workload and situation-awareness. These
displays furthermore proof advantageous for judging vertical distances and the
acquisition of conflict assessment skills, therewith indicating their
usefulness for controlling areas with strong vertical aircraft movements as
well as training decision skills. Keywords: Air-traffic-control; Conflict detection; Judgment certainty; Expertise;
Three-dimensional display | |||
| How Automation Effect Mental Workload of Novice Operators in Space Rendezvous and Docking | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 317-326 | |
| Xiaoping Du; Yijing Zhang; Bin Wu; Meng Wang; Jiayi Cai; Weifen Huang | |||
| The present study investigated the effect of automation on the mental
workload of novice operators in manual rendezvous and docking (RVD). One
within-subject experiment was designed and fifteen participants participated in
the experiment. All participants were required to finish six RVD tasks of two
automation levels: manual RVD and the automation-aided manual RVD. Workload of
the participant during RVD tasks were assessed with subjective and
physiological indicators. Subjective workload was measured by NASA Task Load
Index (NASA-TLX). Physiological workload indicators included mean heart rate,
the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), the low frequency
(LFNU, 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HFNU, 0.15 to 0.4 Hz) power
spectrum component of heart rate variability (HRV, both in normalization form),
the LF/HF ratio, and the total power (TP). The results showed that subjective
workload rating were significantly lower in the automation-aided RVD as
compared to that of manual RVD task. However cardiovascular measures showed
different pattern. Mean heart rates, RMSSD and TP of participants did not
change significantly with the change of automation level, LFNU was
significantly higher, and HFNU was significantly lower in automation-aided RVD
task as compared to that in manual RVD task. The results showed that despite a
perceived workload reduction in automation-aided RVD, the objective measures of
HRV reflected a workload increment. A possible reason is that novice operators
were not familiar with automated system, thus it was difficult for them to
understand and anticipate the intention and action of automation. The results
inferred that application of automation to such complex and dynamic tasks for
novice operators should be cautious; novice participants need more training to
build deeper understanding of automation system. Keywords: Automation; Workload; Heart rate variability; Rendezvous and docking | |||
| Evaluating Operator Performance in Teleoperated Manipulator System Factored by Camera Configurations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 327-334 | |
| Yan Fu; Wei Chen; Shiqi Li; Zhang Jiao | |||
| Tele-operated manipulator has been used in a variety of occupational
situations, ranging from space exploration, undersea operations, special search
and rescue activities to robotic surgery. It is a challenging task, due to the
difficulty with maintaining awareness of the robotic arm's configuration and
arm location in the task environment. Operators sometimes fail to understand
the relative position posture in task scenario as well as arm configuration
such as joint limits or singularities due to multi-channel visual display and
poor ability in integrating all channels of visual information. The present
study served to understand how operators build up situation awareness of
location and arm configuration in the task scenario with multi-channels of
visual information. The paper mainly discusses the nature of spatial ability
with handle controller in time delay condition, and concerns with the
development of routines for making task allocation and sequences adaptable. The
findings from experiments indicated the best camera configuration and how
automated routine allocation does not help too much improve the performance. Keywords: Space cognition; Teleoperation; Human performance; Camera configuration | |||
| On the Development of a Monitoring Test for the Selection of Aviation Operators | | BIBA | Full-Text | 335-344 | |
| Dietrich Grasshoff; Catrin Hasse; Carmen Bruder; Hinnerk Eißfeldt | |||
| In future ATM systems aviation operators will have to work with highly automated systems. According to prior research operational monitoring will become a prominent aspect of task performance [1]. Thus, operators monitoring appropriately will be needed, being able to detect system errors in time and to take over control if automation fails. To monitor appropriately, different monitoring phases (orientation, anticipation, detection, and recheck) have to be performed by the subjects. Within these phases, the relevant information should be gathered to enable taking over full control, once automation should fail. Based on this model of appropriate monitoring behavior [2, 3], the present study focuses on the development of a monitoring test for the selection of future operators in the field of aviation. | |||
| Supporting Fighter Pilot Decision Making Through Team Option Awareness | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 345-355 | |
| Tove Helldin; Tina Erlandsson | |||
| Fighter pilots must often make decisions fast, under time-pressure and based
on uncertain or incomplete data. Thus, decision-making in this environment
poses several challenges on the pilots such as how to fulfil the goal of the
mission, while at the same time limit the potential costs and risks taken to
fulfil this goal. Another challenge involves the dynamic coordination of
actions within the team of pilots needed to succeed with the mission
efficiently. This paper discusses challenges and opportunities of introducing a
decision-support tool in the fighter aircraft, aiding the pilots determine the
best course(s) of action with regard to the team's resources, opportunities and
the possible risks involved. To do so, we apply the concept of option
awareness, guiding the future development of decision support in the fighter
aircraft domain. Keywords: Decision support; Option awareness; Fighter pilots; Team decision making | |||
| Visual Movement and Mental-Workload for Pilot Performance Assessment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 356-364 | |
| Chen-Kai Hsu; Shu-Chiang Lin; Wen-Chin Li | |||
| Flight activities are highly dynamic operating processes. When pilots carry
out missions, the information is primarily obtained through visual search. This
study applied an eye-tracking system to collect empirical and objective data of
18 qualified and in-service F-16 flight aircraft pilots executing
air-to-surface tasks. The results indicate that pilots with superior flight
performance exhibited a longer fixation duration and more fixation counts with
more stable scanpaths and a shorter distance compared with those with inferior
performance when executing air-to-surface tasks. Additionally, pilots process
messages through a top-down and bottom-up composite pattern during executing
tasks. Regardless of the flight experience and performance, the pilots' pupil
size exhibited an identical tendency of variation. We suggest adding the
eye-tracking system to the flight-simulator platform and providing immediate
feedback to pilots and the pilot's attention allocation and cognitive abilities
should be considered in training courses to enhance flight safety and improve
training performance. Keywords: Eye movement; Pilot performance; Flight safety; Attention allocation | |||
| Dual Pilot and Single Pilot Operations -- Hierarchical Task Decomposition Analysis of Doing More with Less | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 365-376 | |
| John Huddlestone; Don Harris; Dale Richards; Steve Scott; Rod Sears | |||
| An operational concept for single pilot operations is being developed as
part of the work of the Future Flight Deck Technologies project. The
underpinning construct is that multiple single-pilot aircraft will be supported
by a ground-based team using one or more ground stations to interact with the
pilots and their aircraft. Concept development required detailed analysis of
two-pilot operations to identify the functions and interactions that the second
pilot engages in, to facilitate their reallocation or adaptation within the new
system architecture. The application of Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) in
this context revealed a number of issues related to the representation and
interpretation of sequencing information in plans in HTAs presented in
graphical form. This paper identifies these issues and presents a new graphical
notation, derived from software design notations, for presenting hierarchical
task decompositions. The use of the notation is illustrated with analysis
examples from different phases of flight. Keywords: Hierarchical task decomposition; Hierarchical task analysis; Sub-goal
hierarchy; Plans; Single-pilot operations | |||
| Flight Safety Margin Theory -- A Theory for the Engineering Analysis of Flight Safety | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 377-387 | |
| Hung-Sying Jing; Chia-Sheng Sheng; Yu-Feng Lin | |||
| Flight Safety Margin, based on the situation of flight and from an operation
point of view, provides a new tool whereby flight safety can be analyzed
numerically. The flight operation is viewed moving on a virtual terrain in the
abstract situation space. Any normal real flight will thus be delineated by a
time-varying continuous curve around the centerline defined by the standard
flight condition. The flight safety margin describing how far the present
flight situation is from the accident boundary is de-fined as the inverse of
the needed performance of the crew to recover the present situation back to the
standard condition and scaled from zero to one. A questionnaire is designed to
measure the perceived needed performance. With the chosen situation parameters
as the inputs, the surveyed results are then converted to the flight safety
margin, representing the outputs of the training examples. The expert system
using neural network can thus provide the quantitative flight safety margin
given situation parameters from real flight condition. The present methodology
has been tested with the FOQA data from final approach in real cases including
the Nagoya and Da-Yuang accidents. Meaningful results are obtained although
there is still much room for improvement. Keywords: Flight safety margin theory; Flight safety; Engineering analysis | |||
| Visualization and Analysis of Controllers' Working Processes in En Route Air Traffic Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 388-398 | |
| Daisuke Karikawa; Hisae Aoyama | |||
| In order to meet increasing air traffic demands in recent years, skilled air
traffic controllers are definitely required. Thus, effective and efficient
controller training is a key issue in the Air Traffic Control (ATC) domain.
However, the transfer of skills from experienced controllers to ATC trainees is
difficult because the working processes of the experienced controllers are
based on their implicit knowledge acquired through their working experiences.
Toward resolving this difficulty in ATC training, the present research attempts
to visualize and analyze a couple of controllers' working processes for
establishing in-trail separations between arrival flights using our process
visualization tool of ATC tasks. The analysis results illustrate the
performance differences of those working processes and their probable causal
factors. This fact strongly implies the practical applicability of the
visualization tool for supporting the debriefing and discussion concerning the
training results of ATC trainees. Keywords: Visualization; Working process; Air traffic controller; Education and
training; Human factors | |||
| The Efficiency of New Audio Alerts in the COOPANS Eurocat System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 399-407 | |
| Peter Kearney; Wen-Chin Li | |||
| The Air Traffic Control System in Ireland, known as COOPANS, has been
developed in conjunction with an industry partner Thales Group, is deployed in
five European countries -- Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, is
unique as all countries operate the same software version and by 2020 will be
responsible for 3,559,000 flights within European airspace. These systems are
designed to detect and alert critical situations such as conflict between
aircraft, between aircraft and terrain and between aircraft and areas where
there is a risk to flight within that airspace. COOPANS provides three
different safety alerts to warn Air Traffic Controllers of system safety
events, including Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA) which indicates potential
for a loss in either required lateral or vertical separation between aircraft;
Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) which indicates that an aircraft is
operating at an altitude which may not be terrain safe; and Area Proximity
Warning (APW) which indicates that an aircraft is projected to enter airspace
which is segregated due to military or security operations. 77 participants out
of a total Air Traffic Control cadre of 375 rated Air Traffic Controllers took
part in the trial. 38 participants completed Trial A -- traditional audio alert
and 39 participants completed Trial B enhanced audio alert. The results
demonstrate that the enhanced audio alert improved air traffic controller
performance and efficiency across all three critical incident situations STCA,
MSAW, APW regardless of air traffic controller experience. This improved
performance resulted in faster response times by the air traffic controllers to
the critical alerts presented. Training for air traffic controllers in the use
of these new audio alert presentations can be harmonized and no distinctions
need be made between experts and novices. This represents substantial benefit
to air navigation service providers in avoiding increased costs in designing
separate training programs for expert and novice air traffic controllers. Keywords: Air traffic control; Area proximity warning; Minimum safe altitude warning;
Short term conflict alert; Training | |||
| Interface Design and Pilot Attention Distribution Whilst Pursuing a Dynamic Target | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 408-415 | |
| Wen-Chin Li; Chung-san Yu; Graham Braithwaite; Matthew Greaves | |||
| The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of the cockpit interface
design on pilots' attention distribution during flight operations. Two
different fighter jet simulators, Fighter-A and Fighter-B, with different
interface designs were used in this research. Both Fighter-A and Fighter-B
simulators are dynamic, high-fidelity trainers that replicate actual aircraft
performance, navigation and weapon systems. Sixty-nine qualified mission-ready
pilots (39 Fighter-A pilots, 30 Fighter-B pilots) participated in this
research. Fighter-A pilots had: ages between 26 and 45 years old (M = 34, SD =
5); total flying hours between 372 and 3,200 h (M = 1294, SD = 753); and type
flying hours between 89 and 2,270 h (M = 815, SD = 524). Fighter-B pilots had:
ages between 26 and 51 years old (M = 30, SD = 6); total flying hours between
310 and 2,920 h (M = 845, SD = 720); and type flying hours between 63 and 2,000
h (M = 461, SD = 487). Eye movement data were collected by a head-mounted ASL
(Applied Science Laboratory) Mobile Eye, which is 76 g in weight. Eye movements
at five areas of interest (AOIs) were analyzed, since those AOIs provide pilots
with the required flight information to accomplish the mission. The AOIs are:
Head-up Display (HUD); Integrated Control Panel (ICP); Right Multiple Function
Display (RMFD); Left Multiple Function Display (LMFD); and Outside of Cockpit
(OC). The findings indicate that differences in interface design might impact
pilots' visual scanning patterns, which is associated closely with attention
distribution. This research demonstrated that interface designs of HUD, ICP,
RMFD and LMFD of Fighter-A attract a higher percentage of fixation and longer
average fixation duration compared with Fighter-B. Furthermore, Fighter-A
pilots' perceived workloads were lower, but their situational awareness
performance was better than Fighter-B pilots. The application of an
eye-tracking device during flight operations is not only beneficial to
understand the pilot's attention distribution, but also to understand the
interaction performance between the pilot and the interface. The findings of
this research have potential benefits for improving interface design and the
efficiency of aviation training. Keywords: Aviation safety; Eye movement; Attention distribution; Interface design | |||
| Effectiveness of Advanced Collaboration Tools on Crew Communication in Reduced Crew Operations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 416-427 | |
| Sarah V. Ligda; Ute Fischer; Kathleen Mosier; Michael Matessa; Vernol Battiste; Walter W. Johnson | |||
| The present research examines operational performance and verbal
communication in airline flight crews under reduced crew operations (RCO).
Eighteen two-pilot crews flew six scenarios under three conditions; one
condition involved current-day operations while two involved RCO. In RCO
flights, the Captain initially operated the simulated aircraft alone but could
request remote crewmember support as off-nominal events occurred and workload
was expected to increase. In one of the two RCO conditions, crewmembers were
provided with advanced prototype collaboration tools designed to alleviate
difficulties in crew coordination. Crews successfully solved all challenging
events without accident and analyses of operational performance did not reveal
any differences among the three conditions. In RCO flights, crew communication
increased when tools were available relative to flights in which they were not;
specifically, there were more acknowledgements and decision-making
communications. These results suggest the collaboration tools enable higher
degrees of crewmember awareness and/or coordination during distributed
operations. Keywords: NextGen; Reduced crew operations; Single pilot operations; Distributed
teams; Crew resource management; CRM tools | |||
| The Analysis of Human Error Prevention Strategies in Military Aviation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 428-435 | |
| Shu-Chiang Lin; Jeng-Chung Chen; Wen-Chin Li | |||
| The study applied Human Factors Intervention Matrix (HFIX) framework and
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze human errors intervention strategy.
Our questionnaire, designed based on 15 significant accidents of Republic of
China Air Force (ROCAF), was distributed to ROCAF related personnel and was
completed by eight commanders of flight unit and 14 subordinators consisted of
ten pilots and four maintenance staffs. Questionnaire results specified that
each approach in HFIX framework possesses its unique characteristics. This
study has demonstrated that the HFIX framework can serve as a tool to develop
human errors intervention strategies in military aviation, and AHP can be
applied to assist decision makers to evaluate these diversified strategies. The
study suggests that each flight unit of air force selects appropriate
intervention strategies in accordance with its own demands and resource
limitations. Keywords: Accident prevention; Human errors; Human factors intervention matrix;
Military aviation | |||
| An Integrated Framework for Crew -- Centric Flight Operations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 436-447 | |
| Nick McDonald; Alison Kay; Paul Liston; Rabea Morrison; Margaret Ryan | |||
| This paper presents an integrated framework for crew-centric flight-deck
operations within the FP7-EU funded ACROSS project. ACROSS is developing,
integrating and testing new solutions to reduce pilots' peak workload and
stress, supporting them when dealing with difficult situations, thus enhancing
safety and performance. ACROSS presented a number of human factors challenges:
(1) diverse technologies being designed simultaneously and in parallel, (2)
multiple partners throughout Europe with different needs and design
philosophies (3) production of multiple technologies relating to different
parts of the flight operations process. The global human factors challenge was
to produce an integrated human factors approach that would facilitate the best
outcome for ACROSS. To meet this challenge a crew-centric framework for flight
operations was designed. This paper presents the framework itself, the
development process and an illustration of the concepts behind it. Keywords: Crew workload; Crew resource management; Evaluation; Integrated design;
Distributed team working; Automation; Delegation | |||
| Improving Target Acquisition Performance by Integrating Human Behavior Models and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Control Automation | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 448-459 | |
| Sara Naderer; Michael Patzek; Clayton Rothwell; Krishna Kalyanam | |||
| In pursuit of adaptive automation methods, the objective of this research
was to develop a reliable Integrated Human Behavioral Model and Stochastic
Controller (IHBMSC) that could be coupled to the vehicle assignment, scheduling
and path planning automation. The effort developed a human operator model that
represents an individual's performance tendencies and biases across a range of
target acquisition and workload situations (e.g., arrival rate at POIs, dwell
time over POIs, etc.). The idiographic-based model was integrated with the
stochastic controller (SC) and cooperative control algorithm, leading to a more
"closed-loop" form of problem-solving that not only accounts for the vehicles'
capabilities but also the individual operator's behavior and performance in the
uncertain environment. Keywords: Adaptable automation; Adaptive automation; Stochastic control; Human
behavioral modeling | |||
| Bridging the Gap Between Desktop Research and Full Flight Simulators for Human Factors Research | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 460-471 | |
| Matthias Oberhauser; Daniel Dreyer; Sebastien Mamessier; Thomas Convard; Daniel Bandow; Axel Hillebrand | |||
| This research presents a Virtual Reality Flight Simulator (VRFS) that
combines the advantages of desktop simulations and hardware mock-ups, i.e. the
flexibility of a desktop flight simulation with the level of immersion close to
a full flight simulator. In contrast to similar existing VR flight simulators,
the presented system focuses on Human Factors (HF) research and is used for
evaluating flight decks already in an early phase of the design process. In
this paper, four user studies are presented that demonstrate the application of
integrated HF methods and the usability of the system. The scope of the VRFS
lies in between desktop simulations and a full hardware mock-up and cannot
replace either of these. However, it is a reliable low-cost addition in the
early development process of flight decks when it comes to HF evaluations. Keywords: Virtual reality; Flight simulation; Human factors evaluation | |||
| Understanding Team Effectiveness in a Tactical Air Unit | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 472-479 | |
| Ulrika Ohlander; Jens Alfredson; Maria Riveiro; Göran Falkman | |||
| Effective team work is regarded as a key factor for success in missions
performed by fighter aircraft in a Tactical Air Unit (TAU). Many factors
contribute to how a team will succeed in their mission. From the existing
literature on teamwork, Salas, Sims and Burke [1], suggested five main factors
and three supporting mechanisms for effective team work. These were proposed as
the "Big Five" of teamwork. This article investigates if the model offered by
Salas et al. is applicable to a TAU of fighter aircraft. Semi-structured
interviews were carried out with six fighter pilots. The results of these
interviews imply that the model has relevance for the teamwork in a TAU.
Moreover, this paper discusses implications for the design of future
decision-support systems that support team effectiveness. Keywords: Team effectiveness; Fighter aircraft; Tactical air unit | |||
| How to Make the Most of Your Human: Design Considerations for Single Pilot Operations | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 480-491 | |
| Paul C. Schutte | |||
| Reconsidering the function allocation between automation and the pilot in
the flight deck is the next step in improving aviation safety. The current
allocation, based on who does what best, makes poor use of the pilot's
resources and abilities. In some cases it may actually handicap pilots from
performing their role. Improving pilot performance first lies in defining the
role of the pilot -- why a human is needed in the first place. The next step is
allocating functions based on the needs of that role (rather than fitness),
then using automation to target specific human weaknesses in performing that
role. Examples are provided (some of which could be implemented in conventional
cockpits now). Along the way, the definition of human error and the idea that
eliminating/automating the pilot will reduce instances of human error will be
challenged. Keywords: Function allocation; Automation; Aviation; Safety; Human error; Flight crew;
Autoflight | |||
| Research on Error Proofing Design of Boeing and Airbus Cockpit from Pilots Survey | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 492-504 | |
| Ruishan Sun; Kang Zhao; Xin Zhang | |||
| Human errors are main causes of most aircraft accidents. Fighting on human
errors is important mission of aircraft designer as well as pilot and air
traffic controller. Error proofing design for controls in aircraft cockpit is
one of the design goals of ergonomics. According to human error management for
flight crew, the error proofing design methods are established. A questionnaire
which was composed of 25 closed-ended questions were designed for collecting
the pilot view. The questionnaire was tested from two respects of reliability
and validity. 125 valid questionnaires were collected altogether. The analysis
is divided into two parts: the degree of safety support and the frequency. Then
by analyzing data from each question, including mean and variance of Boeing and
Airbus, the paper studies on the differences and similarities between Boeing
and Airbus aircraft in error proofing design. It studies the reasons for the
different efforts of error proofing design between Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
The paper also considers the effects of pilots' age on every question.
Regression analysis is used for analyzing the variation tendency with age. The
result is that pilots consider that the design in Boeing cockpit has superior
maneuverability while design in Airbus cockpit do better in logical protection
than Boeing. The paper provides a reference for the study of error proofing
design in the cockpit. Keywords: Human error; Error proofing design; Reliability; Validity | |||
| Comfort Evaluation Method of Commercial Pilot Posture | | BIBA | Full-Text | 505-512 | |
| Xiaoyan Zhang; Hongjun Xue; Xiaoheng Su; Yunteng Hou | |||
| Comfortable pilot posture is the important guideline for flight deck design and evaluation. The present evaluation methods used to evaluate the whole posture comfort only consider the manikin geometry performance such as joint angles' but the biomechanical performance. A joint load model was built considering the mechanical performance based on the comfort analysis of the usable joints torque. Through the experiment on the flight deck simulator the data of joint torque and angles were collected. The comfort analysis of pilot posture was executed both by load model and the general analysis by joint angles' fuzzy evaluation. The results show that the two methods have the identical evaluation conclusion, but the load model is more objective and avoid the subjective of fuzzy evaluation. The load model based on the usable torque of joints can discover the design problem of the whole layout of flight deck and furthermore, the model can be used to solve the problems of manipulation efficiency of local operation such as press, pull/push and so on which is always the important aspects of ergonomic design. | |||
| Relational Complexity Network and Air Traffic Controllers' Workload and Performance | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 513-522 | |
| Jingyu Zhang; Feng Du | |||
| This paper makes a review on current workload models of air traffic
controllers. Lack of proper aggregation method and ecological validity were
identified as major inadequacies. We introduce the relational complexity
network (RCN) framework which is formed on two ideas: (1) using a network
approach to represent the aircraft pattern matches the information structure
and action space of controllers; (2) controllers will proactively utilize this
structure to perform their task. As a theory-driven computational model, the
RCN framework can be used to (1) add extra predictive power to the controllers'
workload models based on aircraft-level or pair-level information; (2) predict
controllers' overt operational behaviors; and (3) understand various effects
from visual grouping to operational constraints. Keywords: Air traffic control; Mental workload; Relational complexity network;
Conflict resolution; Naturalistic decision making | |||