| Data Transmission Latency and Sense of Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 3-12 | |
| Bruno Berberian; Patrick Le Blaye; Christian Schulte; Nawfel Kinani; Pern Ren Sim | |||
| Latency has been identified as a major bottleneck for usability of
human-system interaction devices. However, the theoretical basis of the effect
of latency on action control mechanisms remains weak. In this study, we aimed
to investigate the cognitive implications of latency for Human-Computer
Interaction. We proposed models of agency (i.e., mechanism underlying the
feeling of control) as a possible interpretative framework on the nature of the
transformation induced by latency. In a series of 3 experiments, we propose to
tackle this problem by (1) characterizing the effects (performance and agency)
of transmission delays on UAS camera control, and (2) designing and evaluating
HMI solutions to mitigate these effects with regard to the agency principle.
Our results showed that (1) latency decreases sense of agency and human
performance, (2) models of agency could provide HMI solution for latency
compensation. Interests of agentive experience accounts for better system
design are discussed. Keywords: Latency; Agency; Action Control; UAS; Cognition | |||
| Towards a Model for Predicting Intention in 3D Moving-Target Selection Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 13-22 | |
| Juan Sebastián Casallas; James H. Oliver; Jonathan W. Kelly; Frédéric Merienne; Samir Garbaya | |||
| Novel interaction techniques have been developed to address the difficulties
of selecting moving targets. However, similar to their static-target
counterparts, these techniques may suffer from clutter and overlap, which can
be addressed by predicting intended targets. Unfortunately, current predictive
techniques are tailored towards static-target selection. Thus, a novel approach
for predicting user intention in moving-target selection tasks using
decision-trees constructed with the initial physical states of both the user
and the targets is proposed. This approach is verified in a virtual reality
application in which users must choose, and select between different moving
targets. With two targets, this model is able to predict user choice with
approximately 71% accuracy, which is significantly better than both chance and
a frequentist approach. Keywords: User intention; prediction; Fitts' Law; moving-target selection; perceived
difficulty; decision trees; virtual reality | |||
| Image Quality Assessment Using the SSIM and the Just Noticeable Difference Paradigm | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 23-30 | |
| Jeremy R. Flynn; Steve Ward; Julian, IV Abich; David Poole | |||
| The structural similarity index (SSIM) has been shown to be a superior
objective image quality metric. A web-based pilot experiment was conducted with
the goal of quantifying, through the use of a sample of human participants, a
trend in SSIM values showing when the human visual system can begin to perceive
distortions applied to reference images. The just noticeable difference
paradigm was used to determine the point at which at least 50% of participants
were unable to discern between compressed and uncompressed grayscale images.
For four images, this point was at an SSIM value of 96, while for two images it
was at 92, for an average of 95. These results suggest that, despite the wide
differences in the type of image used, the point at which a human observer
cannot determine that compression has been used hovers around an SSIM value of
95. Keywords: Applied cognitive psychology; Designing for pleasure of use; Display design;
Formal error prediction techniques; Human error; Human Factors / System
Integration; Psychophysics for display design | |||
| Presenting a Fire Alarm Using Natural Language: The Communication of Temporal Information | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 31-38 | |
| Yan Ge; Xianghong Sun; Li Wang | |||
| Language comprehension is an important issue in fire alarm systems. This
study focuses on the expression of temporal information in a fire situation.
Both absolute time and relative time were designed to compare the expression
types of temporal information. The time sequence and spatial sequence were
designed to explore the expressions of a complicated fire that has more than
one point of origin. A 5-point Likert scale and ranking task were used to
evaluate the comprehensibility of different presentation forms. The results
show that using absolute time to describe the point of origin of the fire and
its spreading state aided better comprehension. The mechanism and potential
reasons are also discussed. In addition, some suggestions for future designs of
fire alarm systems are proposed. Keywords: fire alarm; temporal information; comprehensibility | |||
| Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Drive Usability Evaluations in Complex Systems | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 39-48 | |
| Aren Hunter; Tania Randall | |||
| This paper describes how Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) can be utilized to
support a system-level usability analysis. Overall, we suggest that CWA-derived
work tasks should be considered as useful in guiding the development of
scenario-based usability questions. We also suggest that usability
practitioners be mindful of the importance of time consistencies in developing
scenarios and in the appropriate timing of questions throughout the scenario.
When evaluating the results of a system level usability experiment it is useful
to view the results in light of cognitive and attentional biases. Keywords: Attention; Biases; Cognitive Work Analysis; Mental Models; System;
Usability; Work Tasks | |||
| Effect of Transliteration on Readability | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 49-57 | |
| Sambhav Jain; Kunal Sachdeva; Ankush Soni | |||
| We present our efforts on studying the effect of transliteration, on the
human readability. We have tried to explore the effect by studying the changes
in the eye-gaze patterns, which are recorded with an eye-tracker during
experimentation. We have chosen Hindi and English languages, written in
Devanagari and Latin scripts respectively. The participants of the experiments
are subjected to transliterated words and asked to speak the word. During this,
their eye movements are recorded. The eye-tracking data is later analyzed for
eye-fixation trends. Quantitative analysis of fixation count and duration as
well as visit count is performed over the areas of interest. Keywords: Eye Tracking; Transliteration; Readability | |||
| The Effects of User Involvement in Online Games, Game-Playing Time and Display Duration on Working Memory | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 58-67 | |
| Fang-Ling Lin; Tai-Yen Hsu; Tung-Shen Wu; Chih-Lin Chang | |||
| College students spending too much time on online games every week tend to
suffer from worsened learning ability, concentration problems, poor academic
performance, and decreased interactions with other people. This study's author
conducted a questionnaire-based survey to examine how many hours college
students from central Taiwan spend on online games per week, in order to find
out their average daily involvement in such games. Using proportionate
stratified sampling, the survey respondents were selected to examine the weekly
involvement in online games among college students from central Taiwan, who
were divided into low-, medium- and high-involvement groups in a cluster
analysis. Results of the survey were tested using a self-developed evaluation
system based on working memory and response time. Totally 36 college students,
or 12 students from each of the low-, medium- and high-involvement groups, were
randomly selected from the population to test how involvement in online games,
game-playing time and display duration affected their working memory. Findings
from this study include: I. The low, medium and high levels of online game
involvements are defined as an average 1.34 hours, 4.84 hours and 10.27 hours
spent on online games every day. 30.9% of the survey respondents said they
spent more than 4 hours on online games, which suggests that online games may
be the reason why college students stay up all night so often. II. This testing
discovers that the levels of involvement in video gaming (p<0.05), display
duration (p<0.05), and the interaction of the two factors will all have an
impact on visual working memory (p<0.05). Keywords: Online games; involvement in online games; Display duration; game-playing
time; Attention | |||
| An Approach to Optimal Text Placement on Images | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 68-74 | |
| Gautam Malu; Bipin Indurkhya | |||
| In deciding where to place a text block on an image, there are two major
factors: aesthetic of the design composition, and the visual attention that the
text block naturally attracts. We propose a computational model to address this
problem based on the principles of visual balance and the diagonal method of
placing emphasis. A between-subject study with seven participants was conducted
to validate our model with subjective ratings. Eight color photographs were
used to generate a set of text-overlaid images as the stimuli. Participants
rated the stimuli for aesthetic appeal on a seven-point likert scale. Results
show that the participants preferred text-overlaid images generated by our
method of text placement over random text placement. Keywords: Computational aesthetics; Interface design; Visual Balance; Diagonal Method | |||
| Visuospatial Processing and Learning Effects in Virtual Reality Based Mental Rotation and Navigational Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 75-83 | |
| Thomas D. Parsons; Christopher G. Courtney; Michael E. Dawson; Albert A. Rizzo; Brian J. Arizmendi | |||
| Visuospatial function and performance in interactions between humans and
computers involve the human identification and manipulation of computer
generated stimuli and their location. The impact of learning on mental rotation
has been demonstrated in studies relating everyday spatial activities and
spatial abilities. An aspect of visuospatial learning in virtual environments
that has not been widely studied is the impact of threat on learning in a
navigational task. In fact, to our knowledge, the combined assessment of
learning during mental rotation trials and learning in an ecologically valid
virtual reality-based navigational environment (that has both high and low
threat zones) has not been adequately studied. Results followed expectation: 1)
learning occurred in the virtual reality based mental rotation test. Although
there was a relation between route learning and practice, a primacy effect was
observed as participants performed more poorly when going from the first zone
to the last. Keywords: Visuospatial Processing; Learning; Virtual Reality; Mental Rotation:
Navigation | |||
| Error Analysis for Tablet User Interface Transfers Based on Operational Knowledge Interference | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 84-93 | |
| Kazutoyo Takata; Koji Morikawa; Tsukasa Hirashima | |||
| Operational errors were collected and analyzed with regard to the use of
different tablet UIs. The effects of previous operational knowledge upon the
use of new devices were clarified through user experiments in which forty
subjects participated. A comparison was made of three different types of tablet
UIs that were equipped with three different operating systems: iOS 5, Windows 8
(release preview), and Windows 7. The results showed the user's dependence upon
previous operational knowledge when using a new tablet PC. This dependency was
demonstrated both in the ratio of the users' accurate operation, and in their
process of exploring an unknown operation. Keywords: knowledge transfer; tablet PC; mental model; error analysis; gesture | |||
| Multitasking: Digital Natives' Interaction with New Media | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 94-103 | |
| Tuba Ugras; Sevinç Gülseçen | |||
| We aimed to analyze multitasking behaviors of digital natives in Turkey
while interacting with new media, within the scope of the following questions:
What kind of multitasking behaviors do digital natives exhibit? How does being
a multitasker influence digital natives' interaction with new media? We used
dominant-less dominant, quantitative-qualitative sequential mixed research
method. The target group is teenagers, aged from 13 to 17 as being digital
natives. The sample size is 494 in the quantitative part; 10 in the qualitative
part. According to the results, the rate of being a multitasker among digital
natives is very high. Multitaskers think multitasking is a very natural
behavior and they feel very comfortable with it. On the other hand, there are
some negative issues regarding multitasking, such as losing attention. Keywords: Digital natives; Multitasking; New media; Cognitive load; Interaction | |||
| The Use of Timed Directional Link Analysis to Improve User Interaction during Universal Remote Control Setup Procedures | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 104-113 | |
| Robert J. Youmans; Bridget Lewis; Ivonne J. Figueroa; Jesus Perez | |||
| The universal television remote control is one of the most common pieces of
household technology in the industrialized world. In spite of the ubiquity of
the television remote, the complexity of the device often means that consumers
find universal remotes to be confusing to operate, particularly when
programming the remote to operate a new device or piece of technology. The
present study employed an advanced version of a technique called link analysis
in order to decompose how a typical user would go about programming a remote
control in order to better understand where users might become confused during
a standard setup procedure. Next, the authors worked with a project development
team at Universal Electronics Incorporated (UEI) to produce a new model of the
remote that was easier to use. Finally, the setup procedures of the new version
of the remote control were tested against the previous version in a short
usability test. The results of the study confirmed that programming new devices
using the redesigned remote was faster, less error prone, and subjectively
rated by users as easier to accomplish. These findings suggest that timed
directional link analysis may be a viable technique that designers and human
factors psychologists can utilize to improve the user experience of consumer
electronics. Keywords: Remote Control; Usability Testing; Link Analysis; Product Design | |||
| Automatic Classification of Eye Blink Types Using a Frame-Splitting Method | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 117-124 | |
| Kiyohiko Abe; Hironobu Sato; Shogo Matsuno; Shoichi Ohi; Minoru Ohyama | |||
| Human eye blinks include voluntary (conscious) blinks and involuntary
(unconscious) blinks. If voluntary blinks can be detected automatically, then
input decisions can be made when voluntary blinks occur. Previously, we
proposed a novel eye blink detection method using a Hi-Vision video camera.
This method utilizes split interlaced images of the eye, which are generated
from 1080i Hi-Vision format images. The proposed method yields a time
resolution that is twice as high as that of the 1080i Hi-Vision format. We
refer to this approach as the frame-splitting method. In this paper, we propose
a new method for automatically classifying eye blink types on the basis of
specific characteristics using the frame-splitting method. Keywords: Eye blink; Voluntary blink; Interlaced image; Natural light; Input interface | |||
| The Experimental Research of Task Load Quantitative Analysis Based on the Pupil Diameter | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 125-133 | |
| Xueli He; Lijing Wang; Yingchun Chen | |||
| The aim of this paper is to do experimental research of task load
quantitative analysis based on the pupil diameter. Two sets of experiments were
designed from several task elements: (1) Visual Tracking, Visual -- Cognitive,
Visual -- Cognitive -- Response; (2) Auditory-Cognitive, Auditory -- Cognitive
-- Respond. In the experiment, the pupil diameter was obtained by eye tracker.
From the experimental results, the change of pupil size in visual tracking
exper-iment is the same as in visual cognition experiment, which can indicate
the load of these two tasks being the same. The increasing size of the pupil
diameter aroused by task of responding, in the experiments of
Visual-Cognitive-Respond and Auditory-Cognitive-Respond, is also in the same.
The results showed that pupil diameter can be used as the index for task load
quantitative analysis. Keywords: pupil diameter; task elements; eye tracker | |||
| Analyzing Deceptive Speech | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 134-141 | |
| Christin Kirchhübel; Alex W. Stedmon; David M. Howard | |||
| This current work explored the speech-based attributes of participants who
were being deceptive in an experimental interrogation setting. In particular,
the study attempted to investigate the appropriateness of using temporal speech
cues in detecting deception. Deceptive and control speech was elicited from
nineteen speakers and the data was analyzed on a range of speech parameters
including Speaking Rate (SR), Response Onset Time (ROT) and frequency and
duration of Hesitation markers. The findings point to a significant increase in
SR, a significant decrease in ROT and a reduction in hesitation phenomena in
the deceptive condition suggesting an acceleration of overall speaking tempo.
The potential significance of temporal parameters for detecting deception in
speech is recognized. However, the complex and multifaceted nature of deceptive
behaviour is highlighted and caution is advised when attempting veracity
judgments based on speech. Keywords: Deception; Speaking Rate; Response Onset Time; Hesitations Note: Best paper award | |||
| A Detection Method of Temporary Rest State While Performing Mental Works by Measuring Physiological Indices | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 142-150 | |
| Shutaro Kunimasa; Kazune Miyagi; Hiroshi Shimoda; Hirotake Ishii | |||
| In order to evaluate intellectual productivity such as the efficiency of
performing mental works, several studies were conducted where specially
designed tasks were given. However, the result may not be reflected the actual
intellectual productivity because the designed tasks are different from office
works. Meanwhile, there are two mental states (work and temporary rest state)
in office workers which are changing alternatively during mental work and the
ratio of the two states reflects the productivity. If the mental states of the
workers can be detected, the productivity can be measured more accurately. In
this study, a detection method of temporary rest state while performing mental
works by measuring physiological indices has been developed. As the result of
the subject experiment, it was found that the detection accuracy was 80.2%.
This result shows the possibility to use the physiological indices as one of
the mental state detection methods. Keywords: intellectual productivity; physiological psychology; cognitive psychology;
office work; mental work | |||
| Affective Priming with Subliminal Auditory Stimulus Exposure | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 151-157 | |
| Juan Liu; Yan Ge; Xianghong Sun | |||
| The primacy hypothesis about affection (Zajonc, 1980) holds that positive
and negative affective reactions can be elicited with minimal stimulus input
and virtually no cognitive processing. This hypothesis challenges the cognitive
appraisal viewpoint (Lazarus, 1982), which maintains that affection cannot
emerge without prior cognitive mediation. There have been many studies shown
that human emotion could be affected by subliminal visual stimulus, so how
about subliminal auditory stimulus (SAS)? In this study two pieces of
traditional Chinese music were used as SAS, and the unheard music was played in
a continuous loop, which was different from the commonly used priming paradigm.
56 undergraduates were randomly divided into two groups; participants in one
group were exposed to the subliminal happy music, and in the other group were
exposed to the subliminal sad music. A before-and-after self-paired design was
used to assess the emotion of all the subjects. During the experiment their
galvanic skin response (GSR) and subjective ratings were recorded. The results
showed that SAS caused the obviously change on human's GSR, but there was no
change found in their subjective ratings of emotional valence (happy-unhappy).
A lot of evidence showed that GSR was more sensitive than subjective ratings
for the evaluation to current emotion status. The overall results of our study
confirmed this perspective. So, we believed that SAS affected people's emotion,
and this kind of affective priming wasn't perceived consciously by people
themselves. Keywords: Effective priming; Subliminal auditory stimulus; Emotion; Unconscious | |||
| Novel Chromatic Pupillometer: Portable Pupillometry Diagnostic System | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 158-166 | |
| Peyton Paulick; Philipp Novotny; Mark Bachman; Herbert Plischke | |||
| This research study explores development of a novel chromatic pupillometer
that can analyze the characteristics of a patient's pupil light reflex (PLR).
Characteristics of the PLR are not only used to determine retinal function but
also have been recently used as a non-invasive diagnostic for a variety of
neurological disorders and diseased states. This device is a compact diagnostic
goggle that contains both stimulating and recording abilities of the PLR. This
paper will discuss the design and function of the prototype as well as present
preliminary data on evaluation of a subset of cells within the PLR. Keywords: chromatic pupillometry; pupil light reflex; ipRGCs; pupillometry; eye
tracking; assistive device; portable system | |||
| Estimation of Operator Input and Output Workload in Complex Human-Machine-Systems for Usability Issues with iFlow | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 167-176 | |
| Stefan Pfeffer; Patrick Decker; Thomas Maier; Eric Stricker | |||
| Usability studies often use methods focused on product parameters. Test
designs are processed in laboratories and evaluation is commonly performed by
expert opinions. For validation studies we want to point out the importance of
field studies and user and system oriented evaluation. For this purpose we want
to present the methodological approach iFlow (information flow) as multiple
assessment technique for usability issues in real or quasi-real (simulated)
situations. The idea of iFlow is to assess input and output workload via video
and audio recordings combined with subjective and objective measurement
techniques of workload. In this contribution the iFlow method and an evaluative
study in anesthesiology are presented. The added value to already existing
methods and approaches is considered in the sensitivity of iFlow to identify
situations of overload in a descriptive way. For design interventions it would
be helpful to consult the iFlow chart to deduct cause and effect relations. Keywords: Information Flow; Usability; Input Workload; Output Workload | |||
| Effects of Task and Presentation Modality in Detection Response Tasks | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 177-185 | |
| Roman Vilimek; Juliane Schäfer; Andreas Keinath | |||
| To assess driver distraction adequately, cognitive workload measurement
techniques are necessary that can be used as part of standard in-vehicle
testing procedures. Detection response tasks (DRTs) are a simple and effective
way of assessing workload. However, as DRTs require cognitive resources
themselves, interferences between task modality and DRT modality are possible.
In this study, DRT stimuli (auditory, visual, tactile) are varied
systematically with secondary task presentation modality (auditory, visual, or
purely cognitive tasks). The aim is to infer if different DRT variants remain
sensitive to changes in workload even if primary and secondary task convey
information using the same presentation modality, thus making resource
conflicts likely. Results show that all DRTs successfully discriminate between
high and low workload levels in terms of reaction time independent of DRT
presentation modality. Differences in discriminability can be found in hit rate
measurement. Keywords: DRT; PDT; workload; driver distraction | |||
| The Role of Specular Reflection in the Perception of Transparent Surfaces -- The Influence on User Safety | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 189-196 | |
| Marcin Brzezicki | |||
| The perception of transparency in human's build environment constitutes a
significant cognitive challenge, also affecting the user's safety. It is
supposed that, apart from the mid-level vision transparency cues, specular
reflection is also a key feature of the perceived image taken into
consideration by the visual system. In the paper, this optical phenomenon was
observed and estimated based on the author's own method, here called the
"pictorial image analysis", which uses pairs of photographs: unmodified --
showing the virtual image on the building's transparent façade, and
modified -- devoid of this image. The images were digitally processed to
extract the reflection laid over the undisturbed transmitted image. The results
show that evident specular reflection significantly improves the perception of
transparent surfaces, but, in the case of excess or back-lit panes, it can
hardly be used as perceptual cue. Keywords: transparency perception; mirror-like reflections; building's façade | |||
| Cognitive Engineering and Emergency Management | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 197-204 | |
| Denis A. Coelho | |||
| It is intended with this paper to shed light on the potential of cognitive
engineering approaches to advance emergency management. Hence, the paper may
inform future research on the problem domain. The paper considers cognitive
engineering research paradigms, e.g., Hollnagel and Woods' (2001) cognitive
systems engineering and design seeded by immersion in the application domain.
The paper concludes with future directions for research in order to fulfil the
gaps identified. Keywords: cognitive systems engineering; disaster management; emergency management;
decision-making | |||
| Design and Implementation of a Cognitive Simulation Model for Robotic Assembly Cells | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 205-214 | |
| Marco Faber; Sinem Kuz; Marcel Ph. Mayer; Christopher M. Schlick | |||
| Against the background of a changing global economy, new production
technologies have to be developed to stay competitive in high-wage countries.
Therefore, an integrated cognitive simulation model (CSM) has been developed to
support the human operator and the assembly process. By making the behavior of
the system more intuitive the cognitive compatibility between the operator and
the production system is enhanced significantly. The presented CSM faces three
different challenges: (1) visualizing the behavior of the system to give the
human operator an understanding of the technical systems, (2) cognitive control
of a real robotic assembly cell and (3) performing mass simulations in order to
evaluate parameters, new assembly or planning strategies or the assembly of new
products. Additionally, a graph-based planner supports the cognitive planning
instance for realizing complex tasks. Keywords: cognitive simulation; joined cognitive systems; human-machine interaction;
production systems | |||
| Evaluation of Advanced Multi-Modal Command and Control Communication Management Suite | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 215-221 | |
| Victor Finomore; Adam Sitz; Kelly Satterfield; Courtney Castle; Elizabeth Blair | |||
| Command and Control (C2) operators function in communication intensive
environments that impose a high degree of workload on them, thus resulting in
failures of detection or comprehension of messages. To combat these issues,
researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory have developed an advanced
network-centric communication management suite that aids C2 operators in their
mission called Multi-Modal Communication (MMC). This system provides operators
with the tools to manage communication in a single, intuitive, dynamic display
that reduces perceived mental workload and aids in decision making and
situation awareness. This study set out to evaluate the MMC tool as a
communication management suite, which affords participants the ability to
detect as well as comprehend the presentation of multiple critical messages.
The use of the MMC tool resulted in more detections of critical messages and
greater message comprehension, while also lowering ratings of perceived mental
workload as compared to traditional communication tools such as radio and chat. Keywords: Command and Control; Operational Research; Multi-Modal Display Design;
Mental Workload | |||
| Evaluating Two Modes of Observational Learning in Cognitive-Spatial Task Training | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 222-231 | |
| Nirit Gavish; Michal Shelef | |||
| The focus of the current study was to evaluate the effect of two modes of
observational learning, dyad trainer-trainee performance and preliminary
observational learning part, on training, as well as the interaction between
them. We conducted an experimental study with a 3-D computerized puzzle. Each
trainer offered four trainees instruction in solving this puzzle in a 2X2
between-participants design: with or without preliminary observational
learning, and with dyad trainer-trainee performance or with verbal guidance
only during training (16 trainees in each group). Results demonstrated that the
preliminary observational learning resulted in longer training time but better
performance in terms of success rates, and that dyad trainer-trainee
performance led to shorter training time and did not influence performance. No
significant interaction between the two modes was found. The cost-effectiveness
matrix that was found in this study can assist in designing guidelines for
choosing the appropriate observational learning methods in training. Keywords: Observational learning; Training; Dyad performance; Cognitive tasks | |||
| Symbology Development for a 3D Conformal Synthetic Vision Helmet-Mounted Display for Helicopter Operations in Degraded Visual Environment | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 232-241 | |
| Patrizia Knabl; Helmut Többen | |||
| To increase situation awareness for helicopter pilots in poor visibility
symbology for a helmet-mounted display was developed. The symbology comprises
the conformal presentation of obstacles, route information and threat areas. In
an online survey 48 helicopter pilots evaluated the designs from a
user-centered perspective and provided comments and suggestions of improvement.
The paper presents selected results of the survey and discusses general aspects
associated with the use of conformal symbology and helmet-mounted displays. Keywords: helicopter operations; degraded visual environment; synthetic vision
systems; helmet-mounted display; conformal symbology | |||
| Empirical Insights on Operators' Procedure Following Behavior in Nuclear Power Plants | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 242-251 | |
| Huafei Liao; Michael Hildebrandt | |||
| In nuclear power plants (NPPs), operators are in general expected to
strictly (but not blindly) follow symptom-based emergency operating procedures
(EOPs) in responding to emergencies. The procedures are highly prescriptive by
their nature as their purpose is to enable the operators to restore and
maintain plant safety functions without having to diagnose events or the
specific causes of process disturbance. However, this does not necessarily
imply that operators' procedure following behavior can simply be assumed as a
preeminently step-by-step, rule-based activity of reading, understanding and
following individual steps without much cognitive effort.
This paper examines the procedure following behavior of NPP control room operators in a large-scale empirical human reliability analysis (HRA) study, referred to as the US Empirical HRA Study [1-2]. Observations on challenges that operators experienced in following the EOPs are presented, and their implications for enhancing operator performance and modeling operator behavior under the naturalistic decision making (NDM) framework are discussed. Keywords: procedure following; emergency operating procedures; nuclear power plant;
human reliability analysis; naturalistic decision-making | |||
| The Impact of Type and Level of Automation on Situation Awareness and Performance in Human-Robot Interaction | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 252-260 | |
| David Schuster; Florian Jentsch; Thomas Fincannon; Scott Ososky | |||
| In highly autonomous robotic systems, human operators are able to attend to
their own, separate tasks, rather than directly operating the robot to
accomplish their immediate task(s). At the same time, as operators attend to
their own, separate tasks that do not directly involve the robotic system, they
can end up lacking situation awareness (SA) when called on to recover from
automation failure or from an unexpected event. In this paper, we describe the
mechanisms of this problem, known as the out-of-the-loop performance problem,
and describe why the problem may still exist in future robotic systems.
Existing solutions to the problem, which focus on the level of automation, are
reviewed. We describe our current empirical work, which aims to expand upon
taxonomies of levels of automation to better understand how engineers of
robotic systems may mitigate the problem. Keywords: Human-robot interaction; robot design; situation awareness; automation | |||
| When Stereotypes Meet Robots: The Effect of Gender Stereotypes on People's Acceptance of a Security Robot | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 261-270 | |
| Benedict Tiong Chee Tay; Taezoon Park; Younbo Jung; Yeow Kee Tan; Alvin Hong Yee Wong | |||
| A recent development of social robotics suggests the integration of human
characteristics social robots, which allows a more natural interaction between
users and these social robots targeting better task performance and greater
user acceptance to such social robots. It is interesting to note that the
recent successful integration of human characteristics has brought an
overarching research paradigm, known as Computers Are Social Actors (CASA)
theory which suggests that people react and respond to computers and robots,
often similar to the way they treat another social entities. Based on the
research paradigm of CASA theory, this study further examined the impact of
gender-related role stereotypes on the assessment of a social robot in a
particular occupation. Though previous research in social science found that
stereotyping makes a significant influence on personal decisions, involving
career promotion, development, and supervision, as well as personal competence
evaluations, limited insights has been found in HRI research. A between-subject
experiment was conducted with 40 participants (gender balanced) at a public
university in Singapore to investigate the effect of gender-related role
stereotypes on user acceptance of a social robot as a security guard. Largely
within our expectations, the results also showed that users perceived the
security robot with matching gender-related role stereotypes more useful and
acceptable than the mismatched security robot as a second-degree social
response. Keywords: Social Robots; Human-Robot Interactions; User Acceptance; Gender Stereotypes | |||
| Effects of Individual Differences on Human-Agent Teaming for Multi-robot Control | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 273-280 | |
| Jessie Y. C. Chen; Stephanie A. Quinn; Julia L. Wright; Michael J. Barnes | |||
| In the current experiment, we simulated a military multitasking environment
and evaluated the effects of RoboLeader on the performance of human operators
(i.e., vehicle commanders) who had the responsibility of supervising the
plans/routes for a convoy of three vehicles while maintaining proper 360°
local security around their own vehicle. We evaluated whether -- and to what
extent -- operator individual differences (spatial ability, attentional
control, and video gaming experience) impacted the operator's performance. In
two out of three mission scenarios, the participants had access to the
assistance of an intelligent agent, RoboLeader. Results showed that
RoboLeader's level of autonomy had a significant impact on participants'
concurrent target detection task performance and perceived workload. Those
participants who played action video games frequently had significant better
situation awareness of the mission environment. Those participants with lower
spatial ability had increasingly better situation awareness as RoboLeader's
level of autonomy increased; however, those with higher spatial ability did not
exhibit the same trend. Keywords: human-robot interaction; intelligent agent; military; individual
differences; multitasking | |||
| A Collaborative Multi-source Intelligence Working Environment: A Systems Approach | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 281-289 | |
| Peter Eachus; Ben Short; Alex W. Stedmon; Jennie Brown; Margaret Wilson; Lucy Lemanski | |||
| This research applies a systems approach to aid the understanding of
collaborative working during intelligence analysis using a dedicated (Wiki)
environment. The extent to which social interaction, and problem solving was
facilitated by the use of the wiki, was investigated using an intelligence
problem derived from the Vast 2010 challenge. This challenge requires
"intelligence analysts" to work with a number of different intelligence sources
in order to predict a possible terrorist attack. The study compared three types
of collaborative working, face-to-face without a wiki, face-to-face with a
wiki, and use of a wiki without face-to-face contact. The findings revealed
that in terms of task performance the use of the wiki without face-to-face
contact performed best and the wiki group with face-to-face contact performed
worst. Measures of interpersonal and psychological satisfaction were highest in
the face-to-face group not using a wiki and least in the face-to-face group
using a wiki. Overall it was concluded that the use of wikis in collaborative
working is best for task completion whereas face-to-face collaborative working
without a wiki is best for interpersonal and psychological satisfaction. Keywords: Collaborative working; intelligence analysis; Wiki | |||
| Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Predict Poetry Originality | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 290-296 | |
| Ivonne J. Figueroa; Robert J. Youmans | |||
| To be successful at creative tasks, people are often required to think
flexibly by selectively switching from one cognitive strategy to a more optimal
strategy when presented with changing environmental cues [1]. In this study, we
measured differences in students' cognitive flexibility, and then examined how
well flexibility predicted performance on a subsequent creative task, a Haiku
poem. Cognitive flexibility was measured using two variables found in the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Measures of cognitive flexibility predicted
the Haiku poem's originality that students created. The results of this study
suggest that cognitive flexibility may play an important role in creative
writing and in predicting an individual's level of creativity. Implications are
discussed. Keywords: Individual differences; cognitive flexibility; creativity; poetry | |||
| A New Behavioral Measure of Cognitive Flexibility | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 297-306 | |
| Christian A. Gonzalez; Ivonne J. Figueroa; Brooke G. Bellows; Dustin Rhodes; Robert J. Youmans | |||
| Individual differences in cognitive flexibility may underlie a variety of
different user behaviors, but a lack of effective measurement tools has limited
the predictive and descriptive potential of cognitive flexibility in
human-computer interaction applications. This study presents a new computerized
measure of cognitive flexibility, and then provides evidence for convergent
validity. Our findings indicate moderate to strong correlations with the Trail
Making Task, and in particular, those aspects of the task most closely
associated with cognitive flexibility. Results of this study provide support
for the validity of a new measure of cognitive flexibility. We conclude by
discussing the measure's potential applicability in the field of HCI. Keywords: cognitive flexibility; individual differences; user modeling | |||
| The Roles of Anxiety and Motivation in Taiwanese College Students' English Learning | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 307-315 | |
| Mou-Tzu Yang; Yi-an Hou; Yen-ju Hou; Hsueh-yu Cheng | |||
| The study aims to explore the roles of anxiety and motivation in foreign
language learning. A total of 141 freshmen at a private university in south
Taiwan served as subjects. The research instrument includes the Foreign
Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986),
Motivation/attitude about foreign language learning (Gardner, 1985), as well as
two English scores of Taiwan College Entrance Exam (CEE) and National English
Test of Proficiency All on the Web (NETPAW). All available data were processed
by SPSS 16 (Statistical Package of Social Science). Findings show the two
English scores of CEE and NETPAW, as well as motivation, attitude and
motivational intensity are strongly correlated to one another. In addition,
motivational intensity is related to score of NETPAW, but anxiety is the best
predictor of students' score of NETPAW positively. It's expected that the
findings can provide teachers with some hints for more effective foreign
language teaching and learning by being aware of students' individual
differences. Keywords: Anxiety; motivation; attitude; foreign language learning; CEE; NETPAW | |||
| Impact of Different Course Contents on Working Memory of Elementary School Students | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 316-324 | |
| Tai-Yen Hsu; Fang-Ling Lin; Chih-Lin Chang; Hsien-Te Peng | |||
| Students tend to have poor learning efficiency when distracted by numerous
internal and external factors in class. And there were many evidences
demonstrate that students' attention plays a significant role in teaching.
Therefore, this study aims to probe into working memory of elementary school
students by administering three different courses, including math, physical
education (PE), and athletics training courses, to three experimental groups.
It compares the impact of the three courses on students' attention. In this
study, purposive sampling was implemented to select 36 fifth graders from an
elementary school in Taichung City, who were divided into three experimental
groups. The data were analyzed based on the correctness of students' responses
to attention tasks. The experimental test was employed using display duration
of 0.3 and 0.4 seconds, respectively. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks
test and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks were conducted to
identify the significance of the difference between the experimental groups
(α=.05). When a substantial difference existed between experimental
groups, the researcher implemented a post hoc comparison using a Mann-Whitney U
test. The experimental results show that all three groups scored strikingly
higher on the post-tests than on the pretests, reaching a significant different
(p<.05). Moreover, the researcher compared the post-test results and
discovered that there was a vast difference between the group receiving the PE
course and the one receiving the athletics training course (p<.05). When the
experimental test was given using a time interval of 0.3 seconds, the
difference among the three groups was not statistically significant (p>.05).
The conclusions of this study were as follows: (1) the implementation of
different courses has a significant and impact on the working memory of
higher-grade elementary school students; (2) different course contents may
influence working memory of students; (3) regular athletic training is helpful
in enhancing student attention. Keywords: attention; training course; working memory; elementary school students | |||
| Developing Metacognitive Models for Team-Based Dynamic Environment Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 325-334 | |
| Jung Hyup Kim; Gretchen A. Macht; Ling Rothrock; David A. Nembhard | |||
| In this paper, by using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) technique, we
developed the metacognitive models for team-based dynamic environment.
Preliminary findings from our metacognitive studies provided a possible
metacognitive framework in dynamic control tasks [1, 2]. By analyzing
metacognition, performance, and communication data between team, we are able to
develop the team-based evolving metacognitive models for the dynamic
environments using a fuzzy cognitive map. In this research, a human-in-the-loop
simulation experiment was conducted to collect communication data, objective
performance data (operator on-time action performance), and subjective rating
data (retrospective confident metacognitive judgment) from 6 dyads (12
participants). Within the Anti-Air Warfare Coordinator (AAWC) simulation
domain, the simulation test bed provides an interactive simulating condition in
which the monitoring team must communicate with their team member to defend
their ship against hostile aircraft. Keywords: Metacognition; Team Performance; Human-in-the-loop simulation; Fuzzy
Cognitive Map | |||
| Proposal of Intellectual Productivity Model Based on Work State Transition | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 335-343 | |
| Kazune Miyagi; Kotaro Oishi; Kosuke Uchiyama; Hirotake Ishii; Hiroshi Shimoda | |||
| Aiming to reveal the mechanism of intellectual productivity variation of
office workers, the authors analyzed the behavior of subjective experiment
assuming office work, and proposed an intellectual productivity model. The
model is a three state transit model assuming "working state", "short-term rest
state" and "long-term rest state". A subject experiment was conducted where
illuminance on the desk and work motivation were controlled to vary their
productivity. The result was analyzed with this model and it is confirmed that
the model can explain the productivity variation. Keywords: intellectual productivity; human modeling; working state; illuminance | |||
| Promotion of Cooperative Behavior in Social Dilemma Situation -- How Group Heuristics, Restriction of Short-Term Memory, and Penalty Promote Cooperative Behavior | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 344-353 | |
| Atsuo Murata; Saki Kubo; Naoki Hata; Takuma Kanagawa | |||
| The group identity effect in a social dilemma situation might be very
important in order to attain cooperation. It is important for organizational
managers to make efforts and take measures to enhance cooperative behaviors.
First, it was explored how the group heuristics promotes a cooperative behavior
in a social dilemma situation. The group heuristics was found to play an
important role in a social dilemma situation, and enhance a cooperative
behavior. Second, it was examined how the ability of short-term memory affected
cooperation. The shorter memory span was found to lead to more frequent
cooperative behaviors. An agent whose short-term memory was restricted tended
to cooperate more frequently than that whose short-term memory is not
restricted at all. In the third experiment, we focused on the effects of
penalty and probability of the revelation of defection on the cooperation, and
getting insight into how punishment strategy should be used to get rid of
social dilemmas and enhance cooperation. The defection (uncooperative behavior)
decreased when the penalty to the defection was heavy and the probability of
the revelation of defection was low than when the penalty to the defection was
light and the probability of the revelation of the defection was high. Keywords: social dilemma; group heuristics; experimental game theory; cooperative
behavior; restriction of short-term memory; punishment model | |||
| User Requirement Analysis of Social Conventions Learning Applications for Non-Natives and Low-Literates | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 354-363 | |
| Dylan Schouten; Nanja Smets; Marianne Driessen; Marieke Hanekamp; Anita H. M. Cremers; Mark A. Neerincx | |||
| Learning and acting on social conventions is problematic for low-literates
and non-natives, causing problems with societal participation and citizenship.
Using the Situated Cognitive Engineering method, requirements for the design of
social conventions learning software are derived from demographic information,
adult learning frameworks and ICT learning principles. Evaluating a sample of
existing Dutch social conventions learning applications on these requirements
shows that none of them meet all posed criteria. Finally, Virtual Reality is
suggested as a possible future technology improvement. Keywords: Social conventions; adult education; ICT learning; low-literates;
non-natives; situated cognitive engineering; virtual reality; mixed reality | |||
| An Intellectual Productivity Evaluation Tool Based on Work Concentration | | BIBAK | Full-Text | 364-372 | |
| Hiroshi Shimoda; Kotaro Oishi; Kazune Miyagi; Kosuke Uchiyama; Hirotake Ishii; Fumiaki Obayashi; Mikio Iwakawa | |||
| The authors have proposed a concentration time ratio as a new evaluation
index of intellectual productivity, which had been difficult to be
quantitatively evaluated, with a concept of concentration on target task, and a
measurement tool has been developed based on the index. In addition, a subject
experiment was conducted with the tool in which the illumination conditions
were changed. As the result, it was found that the index was not affected by
learning effect and the difference of intellectual productivity by changing the
illumination conditions could be evaluated quantitatively with the index. Keywords: intellectual productivity; office environment; task and ambient light; work
concentration | |||